Dill Pickle Essay -- essays research papers

A Dill Pickle is a grade of a run in between two old lovers. The story begins with a nameless worldly concern eating a snack at a Chinese Pagoda. While waiting he sees a woman in the distance, as she walks forwards he sees Vera, a woman he dated six years prior. He invites her to sit down and have something to eat with him. She takes him up on the offer and sits down. They begin talking about the usual and then about the times that they spent together. He reminds her of the day they spent at Kew Gardens. What the man remembers of the day was how he was ignorant to all that she spoke to him. What Vera remembered was him confessing his love to her and telling her that no matter how much he lover her, she would never love him back.Vera sees that he has changed a lot since their breakup. The man is considerably better looking from when she dated him. By the way he is dressed, it appears that he had done well for himself and has matured quite a a bit. He offers her a cigarette from a Russian cigarette case, which leads him into his next conversation topic.He tells her that since their breakup he has done what they had dreamt of doing while they dated, get going to Russia. In fact, he had become a world traveler who spent over a year in Russia. He tells her of the straightforward manner in which Russians acted and how much she would have enjoyed it.He tells her how great o...

Psychological Assessment 1 Midterm Multiple Choice :: essays research papers

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.__D__ 1. Psychological testsa. pertain only to overt behavior.b. always have proficient or wrong answers.c. do not attempt to measure traits.d. measure characteristics of human behavior.__C__ 2. Ones general potential, independent of prior learning, can best be expound asa. achievement.b. aptitude.c. intelligence.d. ability.__D__ 3. Achievement, aptitude and intelligence can be encompassed by the terma. human potential.b. human traits.c. human personality.d. human ability.__B__ 4. The work of Weber and Fechner represent which mental hospital of psychological testing?a. individual differencesb. psychophysical measurementc. survival of the fittestd. Darwinian evolution__B__ 5. A childs mental agea. cannot be determined independently of the childs chronological age.b. provides a measurement of a childs performance relative to other children of a particularage group.c. cannot be determined from a childs test score.d. can only be determined from large representative specimens.__A__ 6. A major problem with the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet was thata. it assumed the answers were acceptable at face value.b. the normative sample was too small.c. it was difficult to administer.d. there were too few questions.__D__ 7. Factor analytic techniques were employed in the development of thea. MMPI.b. CPI.c. TAT.d. 16PF.__C__ 8. Which of the following scales would be used when the information is qualitative rather than quantitative?a. ordinalb. intervalc. nominald. ratio__C__ 9. In the Civil Rights Act of 1991, Section 106,a. within group norming was made legal.b. employers were prohibited from use test make headway in hiring decisions.c. within group norming was made illegal.d. employers were prohibited from transforming test scores.__D__ 10. Each point on a scatter diagram representsa. the dissension of a set of scores.b. the standard deviation of a set of scores.c. where an indiv idual scored compared to the mean.d. where an individual scored on both x and y.__D__ 11. In a negative correlation,a. individuals lam to maintain the same or a similar relative performance.b. scores on one variable tell us nothing about scores on a second.c. individuals who score low on one variable tend to score low on a second.d. high scores on the x variable are associated with low scores on the y variable.__A?__ 12. Which of the following correlations represents the strongest relationship between two variables?a. .01b. .85c. .80d. .50__C__ 13. If the scores on X piddle us no information about the scores on Y, this indicatesa. a positive correlation.b. a negative correlation.c. no correlation.d. a perfect correlation.

Russian Revolution: was The Krondstat Naval Uprising A Spontaneous Ac :: essays research papers

History Revolutions - The Kronstadt Naval UprisingWord Count 1997On March 1, 1921, the sailors of the Kronstadt naval fortress rose up in an armed rebellion against Russias totalitarian leadership, claiming that Bolshevik control of Russia had failed to deliver the goods its promise of working class liberation, delivering only a new serfdom and even greater enslavement of human beings. The Kronstadt sailors, who had antecedently been regarded by Trotsky himself as the pride and glory of the revolution, now held themselves in direct dissention with the states communist rule. The rebels quickly adopted a self-drafted fifteen-point plan of political and social reforms that they vowed to fight by, aspiring to achieve a third and new toilers revolution. At the time of the revolt, members of the Russian populace who sympathized with the Kronstadt sailors viewed them as revolutionaries fighting to restore the true soviet idea. However, the Bolshevik government took the belief that the as cension was the result of a premeditated conspiracy on behalf of counter-revolutionary whiteguard agents, and undertook extreme measures to propagate this view amongst the public. This was an issue that would later become a point of much hostility amid historians holding different theories over the causes of the event. This study shall seek to justify the view that the Kronstadt uprising was one of spontaneous revolt, brought on by discontent with the conditions experience under the Bolshevik regime, and not the result of a precontrived outside White influence.During the years preceding the Kronstadt rebellion, Russia was locked within a brutal period of civil war between the Bolsheviks red army and the opposing scattered white imperialist forces fighting for reinstatement of the old Tsarist rule.The wars great expense as a consequence of its need for resources was dealing a crushing blow to the already crippled Russian economy, and its constant skirmishes caused the disruption o f transport around the nation. This, amongst other factors, prevented foodstuffs grown in rural areas from reaching the cities, make widespread famine and mass exoduses from these areas. Petrograd, where the Kronstadt naval base was situated, suffered greatly during this period. Its remoteness from producing areas contributed to a dire food shortage and the departure over half its population, its be dropping from 2.5 million to just 750 000 between the years of 1917-20 due to workers emigrating to the countryside in search of food. One Soviet source likens the conditions of this time to fertile soilfor the intrigues of the counter-revolution.

Heart Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Heart of Darkness&9&9Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad is a fictional novel with an overflow of symbolism. end-to-end the unblemished novel Conrad uses a plethora of simple colors, objects, and places in order to clarify very complex meanings. By doing this, Conrad is able to lure the reader into a world unlike his or her own the Congo River, located in central Africa. Although the interpretation of these symbols is so elaborate, the simplicity of each makes it somewhat easy to overlook. A few mannequins of the many symbols found in Conrads novel include the jungle, as well as the colors of white and black, better known as the colors of life and death. &9&9In Heart of Darkness, the images of black and white have the usual connotations of black and good. These pigments are found throughout the entire book. Ironically, although black, the native Africans seem to represent a sort of good by doing what they feel is right. On the other hand, the white foreigners carry themselves wi th some kind of evil as they exploit the bully kindness of the blacks. I guess you could say that the white men were filled with a black hatred inside. Another example is found when Marlow enters the Belgian companys office. Sitting in the office are two women dressed around completely in black. Marlow is no fountain to understand the seriousness of the journey he is going to make. Even his predecessor dies because of a quarrel over two black hens. The usage of black is almost too much to handle. Another example that I alsoremembered from the movie was how Kurtzs pictures were always placed within a dark ebony bet on round. Another ironic example is the continued translation of the white ivory. Its beautiful white shine makes it look righteous, even though it really demonstrates a great evil as the elephants were being destroyed along with other people.&9Other colors were of importance as well to truly understand the emblematical nature of the story. The plaid patches and trim mings on the Russians harlequin clothes portray his ever-changing moods and foolish, light-hearted behavior. By simply using a description of clothing, Conrad is able to show us how he tends to stay out of trouble with his befriending nature. The color yellow will usually symbolize some sort of turpitude or decay. We first read about yellow as it marks the area of Congo on the map in the Brussels office.

The Cattle Industrys Effect on our Environment Essay -- Beef Environ

The Cattle Industrys Effect on our Environment Before I began my research, I avoided beef for health reasons. During my junior year of high school, I ameliorate my diet away from my familys very beef-laden diet into a more heart-healthy, Mediterranean-style one. My great grandfather started a revolutionary meat company in San Francisco, CA which later moved to Marysville, CA called DPM. Most of my family, including my father, worked in this company and its butcher shop for many years before it was eventually sold to an international corporation. unneeded to say, my extended family has a strong love and passion for quality meat and cooking it is a large part of our frequent family get-togethers. I must continually defend my choice to not eat beef, and even though it has been many years since I first made this decision, many of them often seem to block up when choosing a menu. Since I stopped eating beef, I shit been more interested in other related issues, such as the hormon es and antibiotics we give our cattle, as well as the link to this nations huge obesity problem. I met a friend while I was living in Italy named Caitlyn who did not eat meat, primarily because of the impact it was having on agriculture, and the methods used in producing it. She told me briefly of her reasons, but never went into explicit detail with me ever since then I have had a lingering curiosity to do my own research and come to my own conclusions. When I first began my research, I knew of many of the issues with antibiotics and hormones that we give our cattle, and did not halt with them. As biology major, I have learned about this trend in school. Antibiotic resistance is a huge problem there ar already many infections that whil... ...tions of nutrients in many of the crops. Organic farming today is closer to the way farming was in the days of old, with locally-minded people concerned with their unions health and sustainability. If you want to make our environment better, buy grass-fed free-range beef and Go OrganicWorks CitedCheeke, Peter R. Contemporary Issues in physical Agriculture, Third Edition. impudently Jersey Pearson Education, Inc., 2004. 155-181.Goodall, Jane. Harvest for Hope. New York Warner Books, 2005. 66-96.Harper, Charles L., Bryan F. Le Beau. Food, Society, and Environment. New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. 162-201.Lappe, Frances Moore. Diet for a Small Planet. Composing a Civic Life. Eds. Michael Berndt and Amy Muse. New York Pearson Longman, 2007. 454-459.Wallace, Scott. Last of the Amazon. National Geographic Jan 2007 40-71.

The Cattle Industrys Effect on our Environment Essay -- Beef Environ

The Cattle Industrys Effect on our Environment Before I began my research, I avoided beef for health reasons. During my junior year of high school, I reformed my diet away from my familys very beef-laden diet into a more(prenominal) heart-healthy, Mediterranean-style one. My great grandfather started a revolutionary affectionateness company in San Francisco, CA which later moved to Marysville, CA called DPM. Most of my family, including my father, worked in this company and its slaughter shop for umteen years before it was eventually sold to an international corporation. Needless to say, my extended family has a strong love and passion for quality meat and cooking it is a large part of our frequent family get-togethers. I must continually defend my choice to not eat beef, and even though it has been many years since I first made this decision, many of them often seem to forget when choosing a menu. Since I stopped eating beef, I have been more interested in other related i ssues, such as the hormones and antibiotics we give our cattle, as well as the link to this nations huge corpulency problem. I met a friend while I was living in Italy named Caitlyn who did not eat meat, primarily because of the impact it was having on agriculture, and the methods used in producing it. She told me shortly of her reasons, but never went into explicit detail with me ever since then I have had a lingering curiosity to do my own research and succeed to my own conclusions. When I first began my research, I knew of many of the issues with antibiotics and hormones that we give our cattle, and did not agree with them. As biology major, I have learned about this line in school. Antibiotic resistance is a huge problem there are already many infections that whil... ...tions of nutrients in many of the crops. Organic farming straight off is closer to the way farming was in the days of old, with locally-minded people concerned with their communitys health and sustain ability. If you want to make our environment better, buy grass-fed unconfined beef and Go OrganicWorks CitedCheeke, Peter R. Contemporary Issues in Animal Agriculture, Third Edition. raw Jersey Pearson Education, Inc., 2004. 155-181.Goodall, Jane. Harvest for Hope. New York Warner Books, 2005. 66-96.Harper, Charles L., Bryan F. Le Beau. Food, Society, and Environment. New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc., 2003. 162-201.Lappe, Frances Moore. Diet for a Small Planet. Composing a Civic Life. Eds. Michael Berndt and Amy Muse. New York Pearson Longman, 2007. 454-459.Wallace, Scott. Last of the Amazon. National Geographic Jan 2007 40-71.

Social Theory

Midterm ExamQ1 My dorm roommate Angelica is a psychology major and she disagrees with my major on Sociology. Angelica insists that psychology is the real wield for studying throng and that sociology is completely clueless typeface. I disagree with her on that since I was looking for into the diffe lease examples of sociology applied to human behavior. I looked into the enlighten textbook, Introducing Social Theory in the first section was individualistic theory.Individualism means an individuals personal attributes. I started seeing how sociology could describe the great unwashed based on their personalities reflecting on their actions towards social interactions with others (Jones, Bradbury, and Le Boutillier, 1). I also showed Angelica an example on people having a controlling persona was an example of individualism based on individuals own ways of behavior. I told her, Not everything is explained in psychology. Sociology gets more into a society demesne perspective.Q3 Garf inkel was a colleague of Goffman. He was a believer of symbolic interactionism, and wanted to study close proximity behavior amongst people. He wanted to teach students how to spend different tactics in order to learn more most the ordinary social atmosphere. In Introducing Social Theory, Ethnomethodology was based on the methods people do based on getting a reaction and using that reaction to embark that the action from the person is a true fact. Garfinkels breaching experiment brought into gender interaction based on conversations.For instance, there is a radio station that picks on the second caller for a trivial questionnaire. The caller answers all of the questions correctly and gets a free trip to Disneyland for a weekend getaway the caller is enthusiastic. The host asks the callers name and the response is Devon. The host gets an estimation based on Devons tone of junction and believes that Devon is a young woman since her tone of voice is medium pitched.Ethnomethodology also goes for the experiment on break away. For example, I remember watching a YouTube video on a teenage boy that was questioned constantly about what his racial identity was. He said that people cannot understand that he is mixed race. When it comes to ethnomethodology, the aspect of race is an idea that people are assumed the things associated with identity is the real traits of someone based on their culture.Q5 W.E.B. Du Bois and C. Wright Mills are sociologists that bring in the study of people and the struggles that they face. Du Bois focuses his theory on ethnic struggles amongst African Americans and their spirits amongst living with Caucasians in Spiritual Strivings. His main theory involves looking at the social spectrum of society in superior general and a realm of the treatment of African Americans (Du Bois, 2). C. Wright Mills The Sociological Imagination goes into depth about people facing personal problems and feeling very down about beingness stuck in a difficult circumstance and feeling internal conflict (Mills, 3).Goffman was a symbolic interactionist that believed in the fact that people would act in front of a stage and back stage in order to give off an impression from performing from a script. In his own book, The entry of Self, Goffman goes into how an individual will go into feeling like making the first impression is difficult based on making a perfect impression once group interaction takes place (Goffman, 12). This also applies with going into social roles in order to understand what the interactions are and the types of conversation taking place.Du Bois would analyze Goffman by underlining the fact that based on Caucasians are racist amongst African Americans simply for being different and the ideas of what race is that it is nothing but a mere idea of African Americans treated as outcasts. Goffman makes a point about the actor that can make up a believable direction to others while being on stage.He says, A cynical individual may delude his audience for what he considers to be their own good, or for the good of the community, etc. (Goffman, 18). Goffman makes the statement that an actor can cover up a default while performing in order to make a lasting impression. C. Wright Mills makes a demonstration at looking at the biography of an individual to analyze an inflicted social problem.Q7 My social problem that I chose is the high cost of living in the Bay Area. For Weber, this problem is analyzed based on social class dividing people. In Class, Status and Social Stratification, Webers point of view on class has to deal with people in a group that share the same struggles and the same views of acquire basic necessities (Weber, 1).Weber would approach this problem looking at which class could easily pay for the rental costs and analyze that only middle-income people would be moderately struggling while the upper class would have no trouble for paying rent. There would be another approach when it comes to e arning money and the actions that people do in order to pay the rent on time. some other approach Weber would do is analyzing the high rental costs based on capitalism.Since the rental costs are going up, people ask their bosses for a raise in order to keep their jobs without relocating or quit. capitalist economy was once seen as a religious duty to preserve money and wealth was subject to be cautious. While wealth was taken seriously, living in poverty was not an excuse because of being a sign of struggle (The Spirit of Capitalism and The Iron Cage, 4). Capitalism amongst the Bay Area is all about paying the rent on time and making everyone work overtime in order to stay in their residential area.Durkheim would take on a different approach where he would make a positivism tactic. He would use up that the rental costs are not the problem, but it is the people that are able to survive without cracking under pressure. Durkheim goes into the fact that there are people that need stra tegic discipline in order to pay their rent, overlooking the high cost and more on the functions of people (Suicide, 3). Durkheim would be in the first place about social order and categorizing the statistics of financial restraint versus bankruptcy. These two different approaches contradict Weber and Durkheim on the social problem for high cost rent in the Bay Area.ReferencesDu Bois, W.E.B. 1903. Pp. 1-12 in The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago, Il A.C. McClurg and Co. Durkheim, Emile. 1897. Suicide. Excerpts from pp. 246, 247-249, 250-51, 252-254, 256, and 257-258 in Suicide A Study in Sociology, edited by G. Simpson, translated by J.A. Spaulding and G. Simpson. New York uninvolved Press.Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City New York. Double Day Action Books. Jones, Pip. Liz Bradbury, and Shaun Le Boutillier. 2011. Introducing Social Theory. Cambridge, U.K Polity Press. Mills, Wright, C. 1959. Pp. 5-15 and 130 in The Sociological Imagination. New Yo rk Oxford University Press.Weber, Max. 1902 1996. Pp. 17-24, 166-174, and 180-183 in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Los Angeles, CA Roxbury Publishing.Weber, Max. 1909-1920. 1946. Class, Status, Party. Pp. 180-195 in From Max Weber Essays in Sociology, edited and translated by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York Oxford University Press.

Impact of Global Financial Crisis on Hospitality Sector Based

Impact of world(prenominal) Financial Crisis on hospitality atomic number 18na Based in Mumbai Region Oshma stem spateker Pinto Assistant Professor, Pillai Institute of Management Studies and Research, New Panvel Navi Mumbai E-mail pinto. emailprotected com ABSTRACT The Global financial crisis from 2005 to the pre displace is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the expectant Depression of the 1930s. It was triggered by a liquidity shortfall in the United carrys Banking system which resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national g everywherenments, and downturns in stock markets around the world.In India, the spheric financial crisis badly meetinged the Indian tourism and hotel empyrean that resulted in slouch in the number of foreign tourists, nightfall of unlike Direct Investment Inflows and affected the gross domestic product of India. The regard is related with the Impact of Global Financia l Crisis on cordial reception Sector based in Mumbai region, Mumbai region go out include, Mumbai, Thane and Navi-Mumbai based Hospitality industries. The primary data is l introduceed through interview method. The questionnaire is chosen as resource to collect the information.The secondary data is collected through various magazines, journals, scholarly articles, research papers and various authentic websites of various Hospitality industries. The paper attempts to analyse the impact of worldwide nook on Hospitality orbit in India especially tourism and Hotel Industry in the country. Further the paper focuses on the challenges faced and opportunities that can be availed during and after global financial crisis. Keywords Challenges, Opportunities, Foreign direct investment, Foreign tourist inflows, Gross domestic product.INTRODUCTION The Hotel persistence is linked to the tourism industry which forms the to the postgraduateest degree important support service that affects the Foreign Tourist Arrivals to any Country. In recent years many international hotel chains give care Marriott International, Intercontinental Hotels conclave are setting up hotels in India and many international tour operators are establishing trading operations VOLUME no 1, bulge out no. 2 ISSN 2277-1182 1 ABHINAV matter MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN ARTS & training www. abhinavjournal. com rom India. A rapidly growing middle class, the advent of corporal incentive cash in ones chips and the multinational companies into India has boosted prospects for tourism. The turmoil in global financial markets had generated new concerns for the hospitality industry. India had a biggest drop in corporate rifle spending falling to 25% in year 2009 compared to year 2008. Growth rate of the aggregate sale of hotel companies fell down to 9. 1% during Dec. 2008 quarter from growth rate of 17. 4% during Dec. 2007 quarter. on that point was decline in Indias average annual GDP Growth from historical high of 10. 10 percent in September of 2006 and a record low of 5. 50 percent in December of 2004. The financial year 2008-2009 was an unforgettable one for the Indian tourism and Hotel industry, with the Mumbai terror attacks and global frugal down turn poignant the industries performance. The Hotel industry also, observed an overall decline in occupancy and Revenue per Available Room in most cities. The adverse impact of economic downturn on India? s tourism was far less(prenominal) than global tourism industry.OBJECTIVES The objective of the study is To know how the Hospitality Sector of India was affected during recession. To know the up-to-the-minute overall industry position and how can it be developed in prox. To know the steps taken by the Government of India to curb the effect of recession on Hospitality Industry through its policies. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The financial downturn that is impacting developed economies are likely to get worse as the European countries, the US and early(a)s go into a deeper depression receivable to the increase in Job losses which often follows recession.The slump in the market and increased business line losses leave alone have some important implications for the changing tasks of human resource professionals. As the unemployment continues to increase, HR professionals are likely to be dealing with much stressed employees who are the sole wage earners in their families. Mujtaba, 2008 The global economic crisis has brought to the forefront of organizations the concepts of viability and survival which at these times can be desperate pursuit.There are three main reactions in organizations, namely the corporate reactions in organizations, namely the corporate reaction to remain viable, the employee reaction to survive the turbulence, and the human resources reaction including recruiting and hiring talent, corporate organization, training and institutional learning. Kathleen Patterson & Gray Os ter, 2008 In emerging economies, growth is projected to dull down appreciably but still may collapse 5. 0 percent in the year 2009. The overall recruitments are lower for the industry this time as companies remain cautious amidst the global financial crisis. Srivastav, 2009 methodological analysis The data is collected through various sources like secondary data from various magazines, journals, scholarly articles, research papers and various authentic websites of various Hospitality industries. The primary data is gathered by using Interview Method of various VOLUME NO. 1, ISSUE NO. 2 2 ISSN 2277-1182 ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN ARTS & EDUCATION www. abhinavjournal. com hospitality industries? authorities. The data will be analysed by using MS-EXCEL to find out various trends and to tie-up the graphs for the interpretation of data.The selected respondents will be representatives of the total population. Here the higher authorities of hospitality ind ustries become the population. The questionnaire is chosen as resource to collect the information. Research will be conducted on clear assumptions that the respondents would give frank and fair answers in a pragmatic way and without any bias. LIMITATIONS The study is limited to major Hospitality Industries of India and the data is limited to 7years. The major hospitality Industries includes Taj Hotel, Kamat Hotel and Leela Hotel.UTILITY The rationale of the study is that there are various factors that affect the Indian economy but the researcher through this study wants to find whether the impact of global recession has affected the Indian economy severely or gradually decreases with new initiative policies. The utility of the study is to know how are the Hospitality industries growing after global recession in terms foreign tourist arrivals, generation of foreign exchange reserves and how are they contributing to the Indian economy in terms of GDP, reduction in inflation, rising of stock markets. FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS ?To know how the Hospitality industry of India was affected during recession. Table 1. Growth of the hospitality arena before the recession Name of the Hospitality industries Taj hotel Kamat Hotel Leela Hotel Growth of the hospitality sector before the recession importantly negative Slightly negative No impact Slightly positive 4 4 Significantly positive 5 variant Before the global recession began, we can see that Taj hotel had significantly positive growth, Kamat and Leela hotel had slightly positive growth. Table 2. Effect on the operations of your company during recession.Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Operations of Hotels in Crores Taj Hotel Kamat Hotel Leela Hotel 699. 16 45. 86 123 873. 24 48. 04 154 1127. 57 56. 98 112. 34 1617. 31 124 158 1823. 16 152. 67 125 1534. 03 112. 68 133. 09 1520. 36 134. 08 145 ISSN 2277-1182 3 VOLUME NO. 1, ISSUE NO. 2 ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN ARTS & EDUCATION w ww. abhinavjournal. com Interpretation The operations of the hotels from 2004-2010 divert mainly collectible to global recession and terror attack on Taj and Oberio hotels in 2009 which sent threat waves to the world.Most of the customers and shareholders became unemployed due to cost cutting and there was huge downfall in the financial market. ? To know the current overall industry position and how can it be developed in future. Table 3. Changes in the number of employees during the recession. Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 physical body of Employees of in thousands Taj Hotel Kamat Hotel Leela Hotel 7609 4200 4500 8005 5000 6000 7500 6500 7500 6405 6700 8400 6700 7600 8600 4300 5000 5300 6500 6800 6700 Interpretation The average number of employees during the recession in Taj Hotel is 6568, for Kamat Hotel is 5971. 429 and Leela Hotel is 6714. 86. As per the table, in the year 2009 the number employees in Taj, Kamat and Leela hotels are less compare to other(a) years. The change in number of employees in the hospitality sector during the recession was due to sudden reduction in creation of employment new appointees to the organisations were sent back home with advance 3months salary due to company policy of cutting costs and salary of many employees were reduced by 20% of their developed salary. Table 4. Taxes paid by the company during Global Recession Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Taxes paid by the hospitality sector in Crores Taj Hotel Kamat Hotel Leela Hotel 35. 2 4. 12 34. 33 88. 22 7. 40 33. 77 13. 35 8. 10 23. 04 12. 43 11. 03 34. 44 13. 45 67. 29 43. 35 15 31. 8 25. 89 25. 07 55. 55 30. 09 Interpretation As per the data , the taxes paid by the hotels vary from 2004-2010 as the operations and sales slowed down due to global recession and terror attack on Taj and Oberio hotels in 2009 . In the year 2005 the taxes paid were very high as we had high tourists inflow from both inbound and outbound. VOLUME NO. 1, ISSUE NO. 2 4 ISSN 22 77-1182 ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN ARTS & EDUCATION www. bhinavjournal. com Table 5. Net profit of the company during the Recession. Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Net good of hotels in Crores Taj Hotel Kamat Hotel Leela Hotel 60. 65 0. 70 11. 78 105. 86 6. 97 21. 35 183. 78 4. 069 105. 98 322. 39 15. 57 110. 07 580. 47 27. 40 134. 08 107. 11 5. 66 50. 78 153. 10 7. 08 154 Interpretation As per the data , the net profit earned by the hotels vary from 2004-2010 as the operations and sales slowed down due to global recession and terror attack on Taj and Oberio hotels in 2009 .In the year 2008 the profit earned by most of the hotels was very high as we had high tourist? s inflow from both inbound and outbound. Table 6. Investments made by the company during the recession Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Taj Hotel 600. 83 607. 01 656. 57 962. 81 977. 58 1182 1169 Investments in Crores Kamat Hotel Leela Hotel 0. 17 117 0. 164 124 0. 163 135 3. 98 156 15. 08 147 25. 07 126 74. 70 112 Interpretation As per the data, investments made by the hotels vary from 2004-2010 as the operations and sales slowed down due to global recession and terror attack on Taj and Oberio hotels in 2009 .In the year 2007, 2009 and 2010 the hospitality sector had to investment much on assets in order to earn more customers and to generate employment Table 7 Number of tourist passengers in India during the recession Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Number of tourist arrivals in India Including Inbound and outgoing Taj Hotel Kamat Hotel Leela Hotel 1234153 967494 550000 297538 192061 290000 1710434 1594735 1650000 828695 488491 385000 156370 289915 158000 360971 590286 490000 2129544 1371613 1470000 ISSN 2277-1182 5VOLUME NO. 1, ISSUE NO. 2 ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN ARTS & EDUCATION www. abhinavjournal. com Interpretation The number of tourist arrivals during the recession vary year wise. In the year 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009 the number of tourists in India from both inbound and outbound are less compare to other years. This decrease was due to slow down of business in Indian and foreign Market, high attrition rate, unemployment, reduction in hire scale, no incentives and cost cutting.Due to these reasons tourists could not afford to travel either for business or for holidaying with family. Table 8. Effect on the remittances/ foreign currencies during global recession Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Remittances of foreign currencies from hospitality sector in Crores Taj Hotel Kamat Hotel Leela Hotel 245. 03 150. 22 200. 25 300. 50 225 245 315 275 215 275 300 225 345 285. 25 230 200. 02 110. 45 100. 03 445 250 300. 05 Interpretation The remittances from foreign currencies during the recession vary year wise.In the year 2009 the number of tourists in India from other countries is less compare to other years. This decrease was due to slow down of business in Indian and foreign M arket, high attrition rate, unemployment, reduction in pay scale, no incentives and cost cutting. Due to these reasons tourists could not afford to travel either for business or for holidaying with family. Table 9. Affect on the Total assets of the company during Global Recession Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Total Assets in Crores Taj Hotel Kamat Hotel Leela Hotel 2371. 11 16. 3 1145 1068. 85 14. 72 1234 4336. 59 11. 78 1156 5242. 55 15. 91 2116 6848. 77 17. 78 4234 9160. 22 13. 09 2349 8646. 01 15. 90 3450 Interpretation The total assets during 2005 are less compared to 2004. There was increase in investment of assets during 2006-2008 but there was decrease in investments of assets as the operations and sales slowed down due to global recession and terror attack on Taj and Oberio hotels in 2009. In the year 2009 and 2010 the hospitality sector had to investment more on assets in order to earn more customers and to generate employment.VOLUME NO. 1, ISSUE NO. 2 6 ISSN 2277 -1182 ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN ARTS & EDUCATION www. abhinavjournal. com ? To know the steps taken by the Government of India to curb the effect of recession on Hospitality Industry through its policies. ? The hotels Taj, Kamat and Leela potently agree for the importance of flawing of their products during recession. 1. Importance of branding during recession 2. Policies undertaken by Government during the recession period. Looking at the slowdown in tourism sector seriously, the ministry announced Policy measure to promote tourism in the country and it declared year 2009 as Visit India year?. ? Further the Government well-tried to provide Complimentary services to foreign tourist, involving leading hotels, tour operators in its tourism promotion programs and stressed on providing security facilities for tourist arrivals. 3. Measures or future developments made by your company post global recession. TAJ HOTEL New Properties Opened- The Company? ef forts of restoring the once resplendent Falaknuma Palace, Hyderabad eventually fructified with the grand opening of the Taj Falaknuma Palace in November 2010, with an max get together of global connoisseurs of luxury who came together in Hyderabad for this occasion. Expansion in Domestic and International Markets- The Company ventured into new geographies by entering into steering contracts in Mexico and British Virgin Islands for development of high end Luxury Resorts.The Company continued its thrust on flagging properties under the Gateway brand in prominent economic, commercial and industrial centres of India by signing management contracts for hotels in Chandigarh, Ludhiana and Kolhapur. It has signed management contracts in leisure destinations such as Shimla and Rishikesh for a Gateway and Vivanta by Taj resort respectively. KAMAT HOTEL Expansion of projects B W Highway Star Private Limited which is the subsidiary of Kamat hotel has presently two operational hotels at Pune u nder the brand name The Orchid? and VITS? esides restaurants and banquet halls. Management Contracts- the Company is having management contracts for managing hotel properties at Aurangabad, Karwar, Udaipur, Delhi and Pune. LEELA HOTEL Expansion of projects The opening of Gurgaon hotel and residences heralded the arrival of the Company in the Delhi National Capital Region. This property, with 322 guest rooms and suites and 90 serviced residences, is operated under the The Leela Kempinski brand. This contemporary designed hotel with large banquet halls and state of the art facilities has been well received by the business clientele.VOLUME NO. 1, ISSUE NO. 2 7 ISSN 2277-1182 ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN ARTS & EDUCATION www. abhinavjournal. com Marketing Alliances- the Company has sales and Marketing alliances with Kempinski Hotels, Europe? s oldest Hotel Group, established in 1897, and is also a member of The Global Hotel Alliance based in Geneva, Switze rland, which is an alliance of high pen independent hotels worldwide. The Company has entered into an alliance with Preferred Hotel Group whereby all our hotels from June 2008 have become members of this luxurious collection nder their most premier segment Preferred Hotels and Resorts. This will enable our hotels to acquire greater recognition of this brand in the USA as premium and luxury hotels and would give opportunity to leverage further 29 global sales offices in the USA, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan and Australia among others. This will also facilitate our relationship with four of the largest consortia American Express, CWT, BCD and Hogg Robinson. SUGGESTIONS postulate to rationalise the taxation on the hospitality industry.The hospitality sector has to adopt a single luxury tax crossways the country. To reduce procedural delays a provision of single-window clearances at the local, State and Central Government levels has to be formed. Tax holiday would encourage Foreign D irect Investment in this sector, more players to set up hotels and to bridge the shortage of rooms. Need to provide Capital Investment to the country The India? s hospitality sector is expected to grow at 8. 8% betwixt 2010-19 and India to get superior investment worth US $ 94. billion by 2019. Measures have to be taken to achieve the expected growth of Capital investment in India. Need for Economic generation to the country-The hospitality industry provides extreme opportunity to India in terms of contribution to its GDP and employment generation. The Government policies should focus at change magnitude tourist arrivals in the country and facilitate investments in tourism infrastructure, which will lead to significantly higher multiplier effect on the key economic parameters of the Indian economy.Need to generate Strong Sales and Marketing meshwork- The hospitality industry lacks highly trained and motivated sales force in India excluding few hotels like Taj, Oberio and Leela . A Strong sales force always provides extensive reach and penetration in the market. Need to have Strong Food & Beverage Skills There is a requirement of strong Food beverage skills in Hospitality sector as it becomes a forte of any hotel or restaurant. This strengthens the hospitality sector to open number of Food and Beverage outlets, in partnership with celebrity chefs.Reduction of Geographical and economic gamble. The hospitality sector has to reduce the Geographical and economic take chances in order to increase its presence internationally in key gateway cities and resorts in South East Asia and other countries. VOLUME NO. 1, ISSUE NO. 2 8 ISSN 2277-1182 ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN ARTS & EDUCATION www. abhinavjournal. com CONCLUSION Service sector plays important role in Indian economy. Within the Service sector tourism and hospitality industry has more importance about generating employment, yielding foreign exchange.National income growth an d providing base to other industries regarding tourism directly or indirectly The demand for travel and tourism in India is expected to grow by 8. 2% between 2011 and 2019 placing India at the deuce-ace position in the world. With its close ties to the tourism industry, the Indian hospitality sector is expected to see an estimated investment of USD 12. 17 billion during 2011, and in addition of over 20 new international hotel brands by 2011. Further capital investment in Indias travel and tourism sector is expected to grow at 8. % between 2011 and 2019 while India is expected to get capital investment worth US$ 94. 5 billion in the travel and tourism sector in 2019. Foreign tourist arrivals are expected to grow to 10 million by 2012 and the domestic tourism is expected to increase by 15% to 20% by 2015 as per the Ministry of Tourism. Government of India is allowing 100% Foreign Direct Investment in Hotels and Tourism, through the automatic route. This forms as investment opportunit y that helps the Indian hospitality sector to contribute Rs. 8,50,000 crores to the GDP by 2020 ( approx. 800 million USD). The Hospitality sector has to initiate a number of steps to further strengthen the sales and marketing network in the domestic as well as the international markets by conducting successful road shows in international fairs and. New Personal Relations agencies consume to be appointed in international level to achieve step-up media visibility in foreign countries. Over the years the hospitality sector ask to build a large network of partners and associates to participate in its growth as they form an important part of the Hotel/restaurant strategy.To successfully counter the risk from growing competition and the new properties, The hotels and restaurants have to renovate and reposition all their key properties. It should improve its service levels by providing uniform and best service across all their subsidiary hotels. The hospitality sector has to aim for con trol its operating and financial leverage by expanding through management contracts and leveraging the strengths of their Associates. REFERENCES I. Journals and Magazines 1. Batra G. S. , Tourism in the 21st century, (1996) Anmol publications Pvt. Ltd 2.Dirk William velde and Swapna Niar, (2005), Foreign Direct Investment, service trade negotiations and development -Federation of Hotels & Restaurants Association of India ltd, Govt. to review FDI in Tourism Sector, News and Features, New Delhi, February 13, (2007), Investment opportunities in Tourism Sector, Government of India portal Investment Commission. VOLUME NO. 1, ISSUE NO. 2 ISSN 2277-1182 9 ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN ARTS & EDUCATION www. abhinavjournal. com 3. Manpower recruitment in Hotel industry, A market plus report of Ministry of tourism, Government of India. . Meyer, D, Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism The Development symmetry Expert Advisory Committee (2005- 2006). Funded by Unit ed Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, Switzerland. 5. Usha C. V. Haley, (2001), Tourism and FDI in Vietnam, Haworth Press, pp 67-90 6. Conference on Tourism in India Challenges Ahead, 15-17 may 2008, IIMK 109 II. Websites 1. www. fhrai. com, 2. http//www. investmentcommission. in/tourism. html 3. http//tourismindia. com 4. www. sarkaritel. com 5. www. ar-khil. com 6. www. Ihcl. com 7. www. theleela. com VOLUME NO. 1, ISSUE NO. 2 10 ISSN 2277-1182

The replacement is stored

In compression, the algorithm looks for repeating patterns in the extension first rudiment and encodes these patters as in the raw symbols in a translated alphabet.The spic-and-span alphabet is composed of symbols that are longer (composed of more bits) than the symbols in the man-made lake alphabet. The compression arises when repeating patterns in the old alphabet are replaced by a single symbol in the saucy alphabet. The replacement is stored in a dictionary that contains all mappings of the old alphabet patterns into the new alphabet symbols.The decompression algorithm simply does the reverse process of the compression algorithm. The algorithm takes a look at the input stream in the new alphabet and looks up the dictionary for its corresponding pattern in the old alphabet.Unlike Huffman coding, LZW compression does not use probability analysis and computation on the source data, driveing only to look at repeating patterns in the source alphabet. LZW influences best on str eams that contain multiple repeating patterns such as text files.Huffman coding on the other hand works best on streams where there is a disparity in relative frequencies between symbols. In LZW, a dictionary is used to map patterns in the old alphabet to symbols in the new alphabet, the dictionary being constructed from repeating patterns.In Huffman, symbol mappings are based on the frequencies of the symbols in the source alphabet. Additionally, the bit length of the new symbols in LZW is constant while the bit length for the new symbols in Huffman is variable, depending on the frequency of the source symbols.Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) and Wireless Sensor Networks are two similar kinds of wireless technology. A MANET is a self-configuring network the result being an arbitrary topology. There is no fixed infrastructure between the nodes and their only relationship to each other is their proximity to one another.However, that may not be true for sensor networks. some(p renominal) sensor network protocols specify a specific topology. In the case of IEEE 802.15.4, it allows for two kinds of topologies, a ring topology and a peer to peer topology.Another divergency is complexity. The nodes of sensor networks are generally much simpler than in MANETs. Sensor nodes typically include only a transceiver module for communication, a sensor and a microcontroller.This is because of the comparatively simpler uses for the sensor such as data collection and gathering. In contrast, nodes of a MANET will generally be more complex, being made up of bed laptops, PDAs or other high level communication devices.A third difference is in the data pastures. Sensor networks are generally low data rate systems while MANETs have higher data rates. Bit rates in MANETs like 802.11 are measured in Mbps while those in 802.15.4 and Zigbee are in kbps only. Fourth is power consumption, MANET nodes are designed to be mains powered or only to be reliant on batteries for a short amount of meter (generally a few hours).On the other hand, sensor networks will generally use low power components to stretch the power of the battery for weeks or months on end. Lastly, in MANETs, nodes are envisioned to be constantly sending data to one another while in sensor networks, nodes are expected to be in a sleep or quiet mode for most of the time.This is due to the amount of data exchanged in MANETs compared to sensor networks which may only need to throw data to the server on specified times.If we take the example of the ZigBee sensor network protocol, we can see three layers from the OSI model at work in the ZigBee protocol. In the ZigBee protocol, its uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for the PHY and MAC portion of the DLL layer. The ZigBee specification on the other hand serves as the upper layers for the wireless sensor network.

Human Factors in Technology Essay

Companies now more than ever ar adequate to(p) to utilize engineering science to be able to one ensure that the phoners values and ethics are readily available to their employees and two technologies provide tools for managers to enforce company policies in relation to ethics. Companies function tools such(prenominal) as Microsoft Share point as well as an internal Intranet for posting its values and ethics making them easy to find as well as tools for understanding them. By doing so the company can then ensure that there isnt really any excuse that can be utilize for not being aware of the ethics and therefore create a zero tolerance for estimable violations by its employees. Technology provides several tools for managers to be able to monitor their employees use of internet since many companies are opening up the use of the internet at work finding value in allowing their employees to use the internet especially social media while at work throw to ensure that the usage is w ithin the compliance of the companies values.Some of these tools range from having each employee signalise a user agreement during the initial hiring process making it clear up front what type of usage is appropriate and spelling out what are clear violations of the usage policy. IT departments today are able to put into place system that will monitor and alert them to a user that may have either intentionally or unintentionally have ended up at a web site that would contain content that violates the companies ethical standards. When this happens typi knelly the companies monitoring software will warn the individual that this site is not approved for use at work as well as impart a message to their manager letting them know there has been a website accessed that isnt appropriate. This then gives the manager the opportunity to talk with the employee and establish if the site is rattling inappropriate at work or if the user truly did not intend to access that site. This type of env ironment can be viewed in a couple of different ways, one would be a big brother approach that the company is constantly watching over its employees shoulder creating a market-gardening of suspicion and mistrust.Another view could be seen as a company taking responsibility for the resources it provides to ensure their employees are one remaining productive, two maximising assists provided to the employees rather than wasting company time and cost for the technology and of course ensuring that the activity whether on break or during work hours does not violate the companies ethical standards. Technology provides valuable tools for human resources professionals today such as conducting background checks, maintaining employment records. There are several major areas in which HR has been changed dynamically through the advancement of technology and the effect that it has on corporate culture.These areas are Recruiting (choosing the best qualified applicant for the mull over), Evaluat ions (metrics or best practices for measuring performance, pay scales and benefits packages), homework within HR growing career managers, keeping up to date on labor laws and regulations and Retaining the talent pool (keeping a low wriggle-over) (ELLEN A. ENSHER, 2002). Recruiting has certainly seen a shift from advertising in the classifieds and job boards to internet search engines such as LINKDIN, usajobs.gov, monster.com, indeed just to name a few these sites allow job seekers to post their resumes and qualifications, and search for openings with companies all over the world.These sites also allow for recruiters to conduct searches for potential applicants who have the qualifications they are looking for. This has led to a quicker turn around time to finding and filling positions with the best-qualified applicants, ease of use for HR professionals as well as the cost savings for companies that used to utilize designate hunters and the time it took for recruiters to screen appl icants from all over the country. Another tool that has saved money and added convenience for both HR professionals as well as applicants is the competency to send questioners, interview with applicants through software such as SKYPE that utilizing both video and audio versus travel costs and online assessments (such as typing tests or call center simulations) (ELLEN A. ENSHER, 2002).Performance measurement tools are making improvements but not as quickly some methods that are available are tools that allow managers to be able to capture screen shots and track production levels through software. In call centers a manager is able to provide filters for specific types of calls to evaluate such as time parameters or other criteria when the call meets the criteria the screen records the entire transaction along with the audio from the phone call for performance counseling afterwards.Benefits manipulation has seen changes in the way they are handled and processed through newer technolo gy. Employees are able through the internet or intranet to be able to review benefits, sign up for benefits or make changes as well as research differences between benefits packages to ensure the package is a good fit for their situation (ELLEN A. ENSHER, 2002).Training and nonrecreational Development has always been vital to ensure that companys employees are able to have the right training and knowledge to provide the most productivity. An alpha key to training is continual update training as newer processes are implemented or technology itself how to provide the training quickly for a unseamed transition. Companies are able to provide step by step modules using what appears to be live screen shots simulated for the employee. The system will provide instructions on how to perform a function or task and then have the trainee perform the task, providing feedback if the user clicks in the defective place or chooses the wrong command. This allows for almost real time experience ha ndling using training accounts avoiding costly errors. This works has shown to be more beneficial since the user is seeing the kindred screen and commands, as they will when using the actual system.ConclusionTechnology has provided tools in todays workplace that allow companys to assistance train and manage ethical guidelines, in turn shaping the culture and work environment for its employees. Human Resource Management through innovative technology is growing and saving companys money in using newer methods for recruiting, retention, training and benefits than ever before.ReferencesChapman, A. (n.d.). training and learning development. ( alan chapman 1995-2010 ) Retrieved December 01, 2012, from Business balls.comhttp//www.businessballs.com/traindev.htmElizabeth Regan, B. O. (2002). Implementing Individual and officiate Group Technologies. Retrieved DEC 11, 2012, from University of Phoenix https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/TOC.aspx?assetdataid=0c85207c-4579 -445d-b2e5-278c996a3835&assetmetaid=9f9341ec-776c-4a2c-8e8c-422fc4e5f1feELLEN A. ENSHER, T. R.-V. (2002). Effects of the Internet and Technology on HR Processes. Retrieved JAN 14, 2013, from Organizational Dynamics, www.organizational-dynamics.comSpears, S. (2012, DEC 13). Implement a brisk Technology Plan. Retrieved DEC 23, 2012, from University of Phoenix https//classroom.phoenix.edu

Hire for Attitude Essay

Professionals mostly from the human resource department believe in utilize for stead, train for skills and this can be supported by the fact that it is comparatively easier to inculcate and to make them learn new skills than to change their attitude. I believe that this pedagogy is very true as the type of attitude adopted by an individual formulates due to various reasons and the environment he lives in. Depending on these factors and some of the former(a) major factors an individual has passed through in his life, he then develops a certain type of attitude.There are various types of attitudes that a person aptitude possess, however specifically talking about the attitudes of employees at workplace, I would say that people might be enthusiastic or efficient. Besides this, they might render their excellence at work, they might be flexible or might make their work easy by adopting a good attitude. Many companies drive home failed to hire the right candidate for the right job an d this is the most important task of the human resource department to consider when hiring a candidate.In society to bring an improvement in the hiring process, many companies have analyzed many reasons over the years to find out the reasons why their hiring processes fail and they have bewilder up to a conclusion that it is always better to hire a person with a right mind set and a right attitude rather than hiring a person with the right experience. Therefore, now the companies prefer to hire individuals for attitude after which they train them according to the requirement of the company and the job. (Carbondara, 2007).

Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant

AP Book Report 1. Title of Work dinner at the wishful Restaurant 2. understandd and date written Anne Tyler, written during the 1970s-1980s. 3. Country of author Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America 4. Characters dip Tull (major)- The single mother of three children, Cody, Ezra, and Jenny. She is very(prenominal) independent and resourceful. Pearl sets very high standards for herself and does not want assistant from anyone. Ezra Tull (major)- Ezra is the middle child and the youngest son of Pearl. He is the most sympathetic character in the sassy. Throughout the newfangled, Ezra is noted to be the favored child of the three.Cody Tull (major)- Cody is the eldest son of Pearl. He is the least sympathetic character in the novel is very straightforward. He grew up with a degenerate childhood and usually takes most of his anger, hatred, and jealousy on his brother, Ezra. He dominates the novel because Tyler has given him more chapters on his point of view than others. J enny Tull (major)- The is the youngest and altogether little girl of Pearl Tull. Jenny often recalls painful events of her childhood, most of which involves her mother. She grows up to be engender a paediatrician and is married three dates. Towards the end, she realizes she has a lot in normal with her mother.Beck Tull (minor)- The husband of Pearl and father of the three children. He is handsome, fragile man who is employed as salesman. Beck abandons Pearl afterwards fifteen years of marriage claiming that his alliance has relocated. Mrs. Scarlatti (minor)- Ezras business partner and the owner of Scarlattis Restaurant. She is also like a mother figure to Ezra. Mrs. Scarlatti is a relaxed and flexible character. She leaves the restaurant to Ezra after she dies and he changes the name to Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant. 5. Major settings The story is mainly set around Baltimore, Maryland.Pearl, Ezra, and Jenny, with the exception of her college and medical school years, have resided in Baltimore most of their lives. Cody spends the less time in Baltimore because his job requires traveling. However, he purposely decides to choose a place away from home. The novel takes place from the 1920s to 1979. 6. Plot Outline The novel starts with Pearl Tull lying in the hospital bed dying. She is reminiscing while her youngest son, Ezra is by her side. The story then slowly flashes back to when her kids were younger. It begins when the Tull family is abandoned by their father. Pearl is leftfield to throw out three kids on her own ithout the assistance of others. The story progresses as each of her children tells of their past experiences. Her oldest son Cody, often criticized his mother on his upbringing. He is jealous of his brother, Ezra, claiming that he is his mothers favorite. Ezra, on the other hand is the most innocent child of the three. He is closest to his mother and appreciates her. Ezra was part of the military but later decided to come back to Balti more and work at Scarlattis Restaurant, owned by Mrs. Scarlatti. After becoming a favorite of his boss, who he also considers a surrogate mother, he ends up owing part of the restaurant.When Mrs. Scarlatti dies, Ezra is left with the restaurant and he renames it to Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant. Her youngest child, Jenny, is the first one of her children to get married. Jenny runs into trouble in all her marriages. She has divorced and married three times. However, Jenny seems to be the only one that is able to keep happiness. She works as a successful pediatrician and is raising kids as well. The main goal in the novel is to complete a family meal. The Tulls will often gather together at Ezras restaurant, but both time the dinner starts, it forever and a day ends in an argument.In the end, Pearl dies and is not able to join her children for a complete meal, but they have their father evidence to take her place. 7. Major themes Alienation and Loneliness- Pearl Tull is portra yed as an extremely alienated individual. After her husband leaves her to care for three children, she is determined to raise her kids without assistance from anyone. She wont even inform her best friend about her husband, and when the neighbors ask about him, she tells them hes on a business trip. This distance she has with the community affects her children as well.They long to see her gossiping with other women or having some outside connection with others. Growth and Development- Each of the characters in the novel have grown or developed in one way or another. As time passes, Jenny begins to realize that shes acquired some of her mothers good and bad traits. Ezra, however, remains somewhat of a child as he grows up. Nonetheless, he shows the most concern for others, even non-family members. Cody still remains as competitive as he was as a child. He doesnt find much happiness and is confused about his motivation until he confronts his father.He then begins to realize his actions and reactions in the past. 8. Symbols in the book One of the symbols in the novel is the restaurant. The restaurant is a symbol of togetherness in the family. The restaurant and the Tull family are not very stable, and both have Ezra trying to keep them from falling apart. After Ezra is left with the restaurant, her changes the name and tries to keep it running. In addition to that, he is also trying to bring his family together. He often calls them for a family dinner. However, the dinners always end up in some sort of argument. Another symbol in the novel is vision.In the novel, Pearls vision is slowly dissapearing. This symbol represents that she is starting to lose her children. She only remembers them as children and doesnt jazz them as adults. However, when theres a lot of light in the room, she can see the silhouette of Ezra, which shows that he is closest to her. 9. Significant Imagery Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is a novel that suggests a homely, everyday activity. I n this novel, the action is eating. Ezra, the cook in his restaurant is the central image. He serves food that is not only for consuming but also medicinal and curative.The colors, textures, and feel of the delicious food serve as an essential component in both cooking an eating. The novel revolves mostly around olfactory images. 10. Significance of title of work The title of the novel is the name of Ezras restaurant. Homesick can be interpreted in many ways, as it is in the novel. Someone can be sick for home, sick at home, and sick from home. The Tull family often has family dinners, but they always go unfinished due to an argument. However, these dinners are what keep the family together. In the end, everyone but Pearl has a finished dinner. The pressure might have lessened after she died. 1. Authors techniques that are important to this work Anne Tyler tells Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant from many different viewpoints. Each of the chapters is told from a characters perspecti ve. These chapters also reveals something that is unique or anomalous about the character. By alternating the different viewpoints, the reader understands the characters better than they understand themselves. Another technique Tyler uses is the emotional tone of the novel. Throughout the novel, majority of the conversations have an consuming emotion in it. This suggests that the family lives under a lot of pressure.

Human Embryonic Stem (hES)

Human embryonic arc (hES) cell has a unique ability of differentiating into all cell types, which leads to the development of the whole organism. As the legality of ES cells is crucial for the developing embryo, these cells have likely evolved a mechanism that pull up stakes detect and resolve to adverse stimuli.Indeed, hES cell has been shown to be highly sensitive to desoxyribonucleic acid damage, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this speedy death remain unclear. Caspases are critical mediators of apoptosis in the cells of mammals, and is considered a key protein that is responsible for dictatorial their activation is Bax, a Bcl-2 family proapoptotic member.While the main components of the apoptotic pathway have been known and identified, exactly how this pathway is function and regulated in various primary cells is still unclear. The study examined the apoptotic pathway in the hES cells and also inform a unique mechanism of hES cells that can help them to undergo apo ptosis in response to the genotoxic damage.To determine GFP-tagged Bax, the 3-day colonies of hES cells were transfected with 2 mg of hBaxC3-EGFP from Addgene with FuGENE HD transfection reagent from Roche. Transfection is the process of by which nucleic acids is introduce to the eukaryotic cells by methods that are nonviral. With the help of whatever various methods such as chemical, physical, lipide methods, this technology of gene transfer technology is a rattling powerful tool to investigate the gene function and the expression of protein of a cell.Assay-based reporter technology, and with the availability of transfection reagents will actually give and provides the foundation necessary to study sequences of mammalian promoter and enhancer, the trans-acting proteins such as musical arrangement factors, processing of mRNA, the interactions of different proteins, recombination, and translation events.In general, transfection is a method or protocol used to scourge or obviate the issue of introducing the negatively charged molecules such as phosphate backbone of deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA into the negatively charged membrane of the cells. In addition, chemicals such as calcium phosphate and cationic lipid-based reagents that coat the DNA, neutralize or even creates an overall positive charge to the molecule is also used.This makes it easier for the DNA to transfection reagent complex to cross the said membrane, especially for lipids which has a fusogenic component that further enhances the fusion with the different lipid bilayer. Other methods such as physical methods like microinjection or electroporation have also been used that is simply punch through the membrane and will introduce DNA directly into the cytoplasm.In this study, they describe the hit feature of the healthy undifferentiated hES cells, which maintain Bax in its preactivated state at the Golgi that is in contrast to other(a) cell types. The results also highlight the fact that the apoptotic machinery undergoes a dynamic change even if its an early stages of differentiation.

Business Task 2 on reflection Essay

UAE otherwise kn profess as join Arab Emirates is amalgamation of 7 Emirates namely Umm Al, Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman, Sharjah, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Fujairah. UAE is the second biggest Arabian Middle East economy. The coupled Arab Emirates is the number 3 biggest in this arena in crude oil exporting, following Iran and Saudi Arabia. It possesses the number 6 biggest know conservative crude oil reverse and the 5th biggest natural gas reserves. The swift harvest-tide in demand of water and electricity has generated the necessity to appraise unconventional military group generation sources. In the class 2008, the United Arabs Emirates produced energy white paper on study of energy that con houseed that nuclear power to be environmentally friendly and safe alternative which would increment the prevailing plants of power in accomplishing change magnitude energy requirements.2.1 Objective of this study accomplishment The objective of this study of examining whether s elf-control construction matters for the consummation of smasheds in United Arabs Emirates was achieved. Empirical deduction suggests that privately held watertights tend to be more efficient and more moneymaking than publicly held riotouss. This shows that ownership coordinate matters. The question now is how does it affect strong cognitive process? This question is really important because it is based on a research agenda that has been strongly promoted by La hatchway et al. (1998 1999 2000). According to these studies, failure of the legislative framework to provide sufficient protection for external investors, entrepreneurs and founding investors of a company tend leave alone maintain tumescent positions in their firms thus resulting in a tough ownership structure. This paper aimed at looking at whether ownership structure has an impact on firm mental process in UAE. This region has witnessed significant economic growth over the last few decades. The region i s also facing turbulent times with respect to collective governance practices, resulting in poor firm performance. Corporate governance issues are not limited to the Gulf region. From a global point of view, corporate governance has witnessed significant transformations over the last decade (Gomez and Korine, 2005). The data that is used in this study includes 362 non-financial listed firms during the fulfilment of 2006-2011 from Thomson one banker, Thomson.com, DataStream and annual report. Panel data is used to analyse the impact of ownership structure on firm performance number of independent directors on the board are controlled for. The different types of ownership structure that are included in the study are managerial ownership, family ownership, government ownership, institution ownership, foreign ownership and concentrated ownership.Evidence personal learning and development1.0 Effects of structure on firm performance It is indisputable, managerial ownership, Cha irman own share, institutional investors, corporate total own, institutional owner domestic and corporate foreign all have positive effects on firm performance. The evidence is also uniform with theoretical and empirical arguments. On the contrary, When Return on Assets (ROA) is used as a measure of performance the evidence shows that government ownership has negative effects on firm performance in United Arab of Emirates oil firms. Therefore, performance of United Arab of Emirates oil companies is affected by government ownership. The relationship amidst performance and ownership structure also differs for firm specific variables such as leverage, GDP growth and firm size. When the Tobins Q is used, the relationship is negative for leverage, GDP growth and firm size. The negative and significant impact of firm size on firm performance when Tobins Q is used can be attributed to the fact that large firms have limited investment opportunities, which limit their potential to grow and make profit. Surprisingly, the impact of GDP growth is significantly negative. However, when ROA is used, we did not find any significant relationship with firm performance in United Arab of Emirates oil firms. This study also shows that there may be a necessity to motivate constitution makers of United Arab of Emirates oil firms to ensure that banks practice the mechanisms of corporate governance effectively. This practice should be compatible for the commercial enterprise environment of United Arab of Emirates oil firms, whereas adopting the same governance standards in order to ensure unification of revealing level among the banks. It is expected that the best practice of the corporate governance characteristics will contribute to improve efficiency, speciality and monitoring in the Islamic banks of UAE. Therefore, this can only be applied by developing the regulatory and compelling frameworks. In the last 4 decades, researchers have believed that there is a con nection between the firm performance and the ownership structure. In this regards, there has been publications of many studies on different markets to inspect this relationship. This connection between performance and ownership structure dates back to empirical study of Mean and Berle in the year 1932 that got that the impuissance of shareholding in a negative way influence the performance of affirm via an inverse relationship. Generally, the number of well-developed policies and the infix legal systems are poorly developed in the markets that are emerging. These new markets, according to most synopsis studies, lack protection for their creditors and shareholders (La Porta, 1999).2.0 Ownership structure in relation to firm performance The issue as to whether ownership structure matters for the performance of firms has been an important subject of debate in the finance literature. Empirical evidence suggests that privately held firms tend to be more efficient and more profitabl e than publicly held firms. This shows that ownership structure matters. The question now is how does it affect firm performance? This question is very important because it is based on a research agenda that has been strongly promoted by most researchers in economics. According to these studies, failure of the legislative framework to provide sufficient protection for external investors, entrepreneurs and founding investors of a company tend will maintain large positions in their firms thus resulting in a concentrated ownership structure.This finding is arouse because it implies that ownership structure can affect the performance of the firm in one way or the other. It is indisputable the lack of regulations in corporate governance gives managers who intend to mishandle the flow of cash for their own personal interest a low control level. The empirical results from the past studies of impacts of ownership structure on performance of corporate have been inconclusive and mixed up.Ref erencesGomez, P.Y. & Korine, H. 2005, Democracy and the Evolution of Corporate Governance. Corporate Governance, 13, 739-752.La Porta, R., L. et al. 1999, Corporate ownership around the world. The Journal of Finance, 54(2), 471517.Source document

The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Fifteen

As soon as he left Elena at her ho expend, Stefan went to the woods.He took Old Creek Road, driving under the sullen clouds-through which no eyepatch of sky could be witnessn, to the place where he had parked on the first day of school.Leaving the car, he tried to retrace his steps exactly to the clearing where he had seen the crow. His hunters instincts helped him, recalling the shape of this bush and that k nonted root, until he stood in the open place ringed with ancient oak trees.Here. Under this blanket of dingy-brown leaves, some of the rabbits clappers might even remain. Taking a long breath to still himself, to gather his Powers, he contrive out a probing, demanding thought.And for the first time since hed come to Fells Church, he felt the flicker of a reply. save it seemed faint and wavering, and he could not locate it in space.He sighed and turned around-and stopped dead.Damon stood before him, coat of arms crossed oer his chest, lounging against the largest oak tree. He looked as if he might have been there for hours.So, express Stefan heavily, it is true. Its been a long time, brother.Not as long as you think, brother . Stefan remembered that voice, that velvety, ironical voice. Ive kept deny of you over the years, Damon said calmly. He flicked a bit of bark from the sleeve of his leather jacket as casually as he had once arranged his brocade cuffs. But then, you wouldnt k straightway that, would you? Ah, no, your Powers are as weak as ever.Be careful, Damon, Stefan said softly, dangerously. Be very careful tonight. Im not in a tolerant mood.St. Stefan in a pique? Imagine. Youre distressed, I suppose, because of my little excursions into your territory. I merely did it because I valued to be close to you. Brothers should be close.Youkilled tonight. And you tried to make me think Id done it.Are you quite original you didnt? Perhaps we did it together. Careful he said as Stefan stepped toward him. My mood is not the most tolerant tonight, e ither. I only had a wizened little history teacher you had a pretty girl.The fury at bottom Stefan coalesced, seeming to focus in one b sound burning spot, identical a sun inside him. Keep away from Elena, he whispered with such menace that Damon actually tilted his manoeuvre sand slightly. Keep away from her, Damon. I know youve been spying on her, watching her. But no more. Go near her again and youll regret it.You eer were selfish. Your one fault. Not pull up stakesing to share anything, are you? Suddenly, Damons lips sheer in a singularly beautiful smile. But fortunately the lovely Elena is more generous. Didnt she tell you virtually our little liaisons? Why, the first time we met she almost gave herself to me on the spot.Thats a lieOh, no, dear brother. I neer lie about anything important. Or do I mean unimportant? Anyway, your beauteous damsel nearly swooned into my arms. I think she likes men in drab. As Stefan stared at him, trying to control his breathing, Damon added, almost gently, Youre falsely about her, you know. You think shes sweet and docile, like Katherine. She isnt. Shes not your type at all, my saintly brother. She has a note and a fire in her that you wouldnt know what to do with.And you would, I suppose.Damon uncrossed his arms and slowly smiled again. Oh, yes.Stefan precious to leap for him, to smash that beautiful, arrogant smile, to tear Damons throat out. He said, in a barely controlled voice, Youre right about one thing. Shes strong. Strong enough to fight you off. And now that she knows what you really are, she will. All she feels for you now is disgust.Damons eyebrows lifted. Does she, now? Well see about that. Perhaps shell find that real darkness is more to her taste than feeble twilight. I, at least, can admit the truth about my nature. But I worry about you, little brother. Youre looking for weak and ill-fed. Shes a tease, is she?Kill him, something in Stefans mind demanded. Kill him, snap his neck, rip his throa t to crashing(a) shreds. But he knew Damon had fed very well tonight. His brothers dark aura was swollen, pulsing, almost shining with the liveness essence he had taken.Yes, I drank deeply, Damon said pleasantly, as if he knew what was in Stefans mind. He sighed and ran his tongue over his lips in satisfied remembrance. He was small, but there was a surprising amount of juice in him. Not pretty like Elena, and he certainly didnt smell as unplayful. But its always exhilarate to feel the new blood singing inside you. Damon breathed expansively, stepping away from the tree and looking around. Stefan remembered those urbane movements, too, each gesture controlled and precise. The centuries had only refined Damons natural poise.It makes me feel like doing this, said Damon, moving to a sapling a few yards away. It was half again as tall as he was, and when he grasped it his fingers did not meet around the trunk. But Stefan saw the quick breath and the ripple of muscles under Damons t hin black shirt, and then the tree tore loose from the ground, its roots dangling. Stefan could smell the pungent dampness of disturbed globe.I didnt like it there anyway, said Damon, and heaved it as far away as the still-entangled roots would allow. Then he smiled engagingly. It also makes me feel like doingthis . at that place was a shimmer of motion, and then Damon was gone. Stefan looked around but could see no sign of him.Up here, brother. The voice came from overhead, and when Stefan looked up he saw Damon perching among the spreading branches of the oak tree. There was a rustle of tawny brown leaves, and he disappeared again.Back here, brother. Stefan spun at the tap on his shoulder, only to see nothing behind him. Right here, brother. He spun again. No, try here. Furious, Stefan whipped the other way, trying to catch stick up of Damon. But his fingers grasped only air.Here, Stefan . This time the voice was in his mind, and the Power of it shook him to the core. It took en ormous strength to enter thoughts that clearly. Slowly, he turned around once more, to see Damon back in his original position, leaning against the bragging(a) oak tree.But this time the humor in those dark eyes had faded. They were black and fathomless, and Damons lips were set in a straight line.What more proof do you need, Stefan? Im as much stronger than you as you are stronger than these slimy humans. Im faster than you, too, and I have other Powers youve scarcely heard of. The Old Powers, Stefan. And Im not afraid to use them. If you fight me, Ill use them against you.Is that what you came here for? To torture me?Ive been merciful with you, brother. Many times youve been mine for the killing, but Ive always spared your life. But this time is different. Damon stepped away from the tree again and spoke aloud. I am warning you, Stefan, dont make up me. It doesnt matter what I came here for. What I want now is Elena. And if you try to stop me from taking her, I will kill you.Y ou can try, said Stefan. The hot pinpoint of fury inside him burned brighter than ever, displace forth its brilliance like a whole galaxy of stars. He knew, somehow, that it threatened Damons darkness.You think I cant do it? You never learn, do you, little brother? Stefan had just enough time to note Damons wear off shake of the head when there was another(prenominal) blur of motion and he felt strong pass seize him. He was fighting instantly, violently, trying with all his strength to throw them off. But they were like pass on of steel.He lashed out savagely, trying to strike at the vulnerable area under Damons jaw. It did no good his arms were pinioned behind him, his body immobilized. He was as helpless as a doll under the claws of a lean and expert cat.He went limp for an instant, making himself a deadweight, and then he suddenly surged with all his muscles, trying to break free, trying to get a blow in. The cruel men only tightened on him, making his struggles useless. Pathetic.You always were stubborn. Perhaps this will convince you . Stefan looked into his brothers face, pale as the frosted-glass windows at the boarding house, and at those black bottomless eyes. Then he felt fingers grasp his hair, jerk his head back, exposing his throat.His struggles redoubled, became frantic. Dont bother , came the voice in his head, and then he felt the sharp rending pain of teeth. He felt the humiliation and helplessness of the hunters victim, of the hunted, of the prey. And then the pain of blood being drawn out against his will.He refused to give in to it, and the pain grew worse, a feeling as if his soul was tearing loose like the sapling. It stabbed through him like spears of fire, concentrating on the punctures in his flesh where Damons teeth had sunk in. Agony flamed up his jaw and cheek and down his chest and shoulder. He felt a wave of vertigo and realized he was losing consciousness.Then, abruptly, the hands released him and he fell to the ground, o nto a bed of damp and moldering oak leaves. Gasping for breath, he painfully got to his hands and knees.You see, little brother, Im stronger than you. Strong enough to take you, take your blood and your life if I wish it. hold Elena to me, or I will.Stefan looked up. Damon was standing with head thrown back, legs slightly apart, like a conqueror putt his foot on the neck of the conquered. Those night-black eyes were hot with triumph, and Stefans blood was on his lips.Hatred alter Stefan, such hatred as he had never known before. It was as if all his earlier hatred of Damon had been a drop of water to this crashing, foaming ocean. Many times in the last long centuries he had regretted what he had done to his brother, when hed wished with all his soul to change it. Now he only wanted to do it again.Elena is not yours, he ground out, getting to his feet, trying not to show what an effort it cost him. And she never will be. Concentrating on each step, putting one foot in front of the other, he began walking away. His stallion body hurt, and the shame he felt was even greater than the physical ache. There were bits of wet leaves and crumbs of earth adhering to his clothes, but he did not brush them off. He fought to keep moving, to hold out against the weakness that lapped at his limbs.You never learn, brother.Stefan did not look back or try to reply. He gritted his teeth and kept his legs moving. some other step. And another step. And another step.If he could just sit down for a moment, restAnother step, and another step. The car couldnt be far now. Leaves crackled under his feet, and then he heard leaves crackle behind him.He tried to turn quickly, but his reflexes were almost gone. And the sharp motion was too much for him. Darkness filled him, filled his body and his mind, and he was falling. He fell forever into the black of absolute night. And then, mercifully, he knew no more.

Positive and Negative Reinforcements

unequivocal and prohibit strengthener arbitrary Reinforcement despotic and cast out Reinforcement What argon Positive Reinforcement and controvert Reinforcemens? Positive and veto backing be used in most of the three theories. minus reinforcing stimulus is used in sortism, where it involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus when a desired style occurs. Positive Reinforcement is a technique used to increase desired behavior and is used in operant conditioning.Positive reenforcement is offering of desirable effects or consequences for a behavior with the intention of increasing desired behavior. Positive and Negative payoff are used or used in the theories of produceing whether it is innate or lettered behavior (King 2010). Positive Reinforcement and skinners experiment Skinner experimented using overbearing reinforcement, with a spy and came to the conclusion that with a stimulus or cocksure reinforcement a grass can learn to receive food by air pressureing a obstruct. With Skinners experiments with the rat he discovered law of effect.Skinners fire to operant conditioning involved the Law of Effect stating that behavior followed by irrefutable outcomes is strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened. This means that imperative outcomes for behaviors are strengthening to an individual and negative outcomes weaken the behavior of the individual, therefore receiving a positive reinforcement or reward will increase the likelihood of the behavior occurring (King, 2010). Shaping Shaping is one of the first steps of operant conditioning, which is rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.An workout the book gives is a rat can be shaped or trained to press a bar to eat. It is not probable for the rat to receive food when organism placed in the Skinner box. The experimenter began to give the rat food pellets when the rat is close to the bar. The rat commences to gain the reward and continues to press the bar, which is Positive reinforcement. Later the experimenter only rewards the rat with a pellet when rat is 2inches from the bar. After rewarding for being in spite of appearance 2inches the rat will have to touch the bar for reward, leading to the rat, pressing he bar and receiving food. When the rat presses bar thats where reinforcement comes in, which is the process by which a rewarding stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again, the rat now sees that if it presses the bar it receives food, therefore the rat continues to press the bar to receive food. The behavior continues to happen due to the stimulus of food, which is reinforcement (King, 2010). Positive and Negative Reinforcement There is positive and negative reinforcement within operant conditioning.Positive reinforcement is prolongting a positive result from the stimulus in turn a negative reinforcement is a behavior of doing something due to a neg ative stimulus. There are 2 types of reinforcement primary and secondary reinforcement. Primary reinforcement is innate which is not learned or well-educated Secondary reinforcement (King, 2010). Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction The next 3 key concept of classical conditioning is generalization, discrimination, and extinction. primary is generalization which is performing a positive reinforced behavior in a varied situation.An example of generalization is having three classes and deciding to study for one of the classes every night. Eventually an individual will begin to study every night in all three of their classes. The second discrimination is responding appropriately to stimuli that bode that a behavior will or will not be reinforced. The book gives an example of a restaurant that gives student discounts if the student shows there student identification card and how if someone who is not a student shows their identification card might get a puzzled look.The l ast is extinction, which is a falling off in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced. Extinction is without the same stimuli and the reinforcement ceases to exist (King, 2010). Schedules of Positive and Negative Reinforcement The patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced positively or negatively are schedules of reinforcement, which can be negative and positive reinforcement. The four different types of schedules are variable interval, fixed interval, variable balance, and fixed ratio. Variable-interval is a timetable where behavior is reinforced later on a certain amount of time has went by.A fixed interval applies to procrastination which is when the first behavior is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed. An example of fixed interval is a kindergartener that does not get a bad check mark all week receives candy at the end of the week. A fixed ratio reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors. Fixed ratio can be applied to the lottery, because you never know when you will win. The last is variable ratio that is when behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis (King, 2010). Punishment Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.Operant Conditioning consists of two types of punishment positive and negative. Positive punishment is presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in gild to decrease the frequency of that behavior. Yelling at your child until they clean their room would be an example of positive punishment, because if they clean their room the yelling will stop. Negative punishment is the opposite the removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. Negative reinforcement can be telling your child if you dont clean your room I will be taking your phone away.You will be removing the cell phone if they dont clean their roo m, therefore it is more likely for that child to clean their room. Both positive and negative reinforcement are used in punishment (King, 2010). Positive, Negative Reinforcement, and Timing Whether positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement timing is an important aspect in reinforcement and punishment. Immediate reinforcement is better than detain reinforcement because delayed reinforcement means that an individual has to wait for their reward (reinforcement) and for young children that can be hard to comprehend.Immediate punishment is more effective with young children because if you delay their punishment the child is more likely to act that behavior again. The last type is immediate with delayed reinforcement and punishment. The book Experience psychology gives an example of the three an individual putting off going to the dentist to avoid a punisher, such as pain, but waiting could contribute to greater pain later. Applied behavior analysis is applying operant condition ing to change human behavior. This analysis looks for rewards that are creating bad behavior and enhances rewards to gain good behavior. King, 2010). threesome Theories Together Behaviorism, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning are different theories on how individuals learn and use positive or negative reinforcement. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior solely, uses negative reinforcement and that is what makes it different from the otherwise theories. Classical conditioning has two stimuli (King, 2010) an example of classical conditioning is a child smelling a beautiful unfold and is stung by a bee within the blooming.Classical conditioning uses negative reinforcement, because it teaches the child that that flower caused the pain and they are more likely not to touch the flower again. The child associates the pain with the flower and is now fearful of the flower. Each theory has good and bad points, but my thought is behavior is learned with rewards, therefo re human behavior is better with some sort of reward such as positive or negative (reinforcement) (King, 2010). Conclusion Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive and negative reinforcement are used in behaviorism, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning.Many believe one works better than the other, but it depends on the situation whether negative or positive reinforcement will be used. I believe that Positive reinforcement is the best, because getting a reward makes an individual more likely to increase the desired behavior. Negative reinforcement to me can be stressful to an individual, because if they dont do what they are supposed to do something could be taken from them (King, 2010). References King, L. (2010) Experience psychology McGraw-Hill, Avenue of Americas. New York, NY 10020. (p. 167-177).

Human Growth and Development Essay

benevolent increase is marked by different st ages and milest champions oer the c beerspan. It is expressed over three domains ain, cognitive and socio/ steamy. While human physical and cognitive development is universal, socio/emotional definitions and development deviate from finis to culture. Gaining a basic knowledge of human life storyspan development result lead to a better judgement of the protrudeance, perceptions and behaviors of the self and others. Adolescence is a demanding and critical period in life. trouble to meet received develop affable milest integritys shtup progress to serious short- and long-term implications for the individual and society at large. Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological human development generally occurring during the period from pubescence to legal adulthood (age of majority). The period of adolescence is well-nigh closely associated with the juvenile historic period, although its physical, psychol ogical and cultural expressions can flummox earlier and end later.For example, although puberty has been historically associated with the onset of youthful development, it now typically catchs prior to the teenage days and there conduct been a normative shift of it occurring in preadolescence, particularly in females. bodily growth, as distinct from puberty (particularly in males), and cognitive development generally seen in adolescence, can to a fault extend into the azoic twenties. Thus chronological age provides only a rough marker of adolescence, and scholars get to ready it difficult to agree upon a precise definition of adolescence. A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, most importantly from the aras of psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood whose cultural purpos e is the preparation of children for adult agencys.Stages of Human organic organic evolutionThe various stages of human development include the prenatal period, babyhood, toddlerhood, early childhood, center(a) childhood, adolescence, unseas wholenessd adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. Each stage is marked by milestones in physical, cognitive, and socio/emotional development.1. Physical DevelopmentPhysical development has to do with the way that the human body develops over a lifespan. The most fast and complex human development occurs during the prenatal period. From babyhood to early childhood, the physical milestones include development go skills like learning to control body movements, walk, talk, speak, usance cocks like spoons and forks and use the rest room. From infancy to early childhood, humans grow in height, weight and mass and get their first set of teeth. Middle childhood has only a few physical milestones, such as continued growth at a much slo wer rate and the gain of permanent teeth. Adolescence is the second most rapid and complex measure of human development and is when the sexual maturation process begins.Females begin to grow breasts, their hips expand and they grow pubic hair and begin menstruation, which marks their physical faculty to procreate. They may grow a few inches to a greater extent in height. Males take away significant growth spurts and develop facial and pubic hair, their voices deepen and they begin to have sperm-producing ejaculations, signifying their ability to procreate. Young adulthood is when humans are at the prime of their physical development. All of the systems are single-valued functioning optimally, making this the best time for reproduction. Middle adulthood brings the beginning of physical deterioration, such as the end of fertility in women, or menopause. The decrease in physical abilities and health for both sexes continues with late adulthood. 2. cognitive DevelopmentCognitive development has to do with the way humans embrace and hold the world and deals with issues like retentivity, thinking and decision-making processes and concept comprehension. During the prenatal period, cognitive development is highly enveloped in physical development as the primary tool for cognition the brain is still being developed. During infancy and early childhood, milestones like speaking, comprehension and object differentiation occur.Thoughts about the world are simplistic, and judgments are make in an either/or frame wrench. Middle childhood brings the beginning of concrete and logical thinking, and adolescence brings about a phase where cognitive judgments are often overridden by feelings and impulses because of the bodys quickly changing physical and biological cli agree. Young adulthood is the human cognitive prime, as the capacity for rapid and accurate memory, purview processing and information analysis function at peak levels. Perceptions of the world, judgme nt and morality become more(prenominal) sophisticated and complex. During middle adulthood, humans are experts at problem solving, although they begin to experience some signs of diminish with speed in processing and recall. Late adulthood signifies the continued deterioration of cognitive abilities.Theoretical perspectives there are devil perspectives on adolescent thinking. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to rationalise cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.Improvements in cognitive abilityBy the time individuals have reached age 15 or so, their basic thinking abilities are alike(p) to those of adults. These improve ments occur in five areas during adolescence 1. Attention. Improvements are seen in selective attention, the process by which one focuses on one stimulus while tuning out another. Divided attention, the ability to pay attention to two or more stimuli at the same time, also improves. 2. Memory. Improvements are seen in both working memory and long-term memory.3. Processing speed. Adolescents think more quickly than children. Processing speed improves sharply between age five and middle adolescence it then begins to level off at age 15 and does not appear to change between late adolescence and adulthood. 4. Organization. Adolescents are more aware of their own thought processes and can use mnemonic devices and other strategies to think more efficiently. 5. Meta-cognition It often involves monitoring ones own cognitive activity during the thinking process. Adolescents improvements in knowledge of their own thinking patterns lead to better self-control and more effective studying.3. So cio/Emotional DevelopmentSocio/emotional development has to do with how an individual is able to give care emotions, relationships, mixer situations, and the various roles demanded of them by society. Some aspect of Socio/Emotional standards, such as social expectations, relationships, and roles vary from culture to culture. During infancy and early childhood, the primary relationships are with the parents and based on attachment. Environmental exploration, impulsivity, differentiation of self (from others) and the bedrock of social interaction are learnt. In early childhood, impulsivity begins to bring way to control, and awareness of consequences significantly affects behavioral choices.Middle childhood begins the transition from family orientation to peer orientation, which carries on into adolescence. Issues of identify, sexuality and sexual expression, conflict and resolving power and internal stability prevail. By five-year-old adulthood, the focus shifts from peers to career, social role, build external stability, finding a mate and starting a family. Middle adulthood is met with the psychological and emotional challenges of facing the mid-life crisis, and a life analysis and inventory is taken. Late adulthood marks the transition from the mid-life crisis. Life reflection, acceptance of death, and legacy building or making social contri scarceions also occur at this phase.I. Identity developmentAmong the most commonality beliefs about adolescence is that it is the time when teenagers form their personal identities. Egocentrism is being performed by adolescents who then form uncomfortableness of wanting to feel important in their peer groups and having social acceptance of fitting into the group. Empirical studies insinuate that this process might be more accurately described as identity development, rather than formation, nevertheless confirms a normative process of change in both content and structure of ones thoughts about the self. Resear chers have used three general approaches to understanding identity development self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem. The years of adolescence create a more conscientious group of late adults. Adolescents pay close attention and give more time and effort to their appearance as their body goes through changes. Unlike children, teens put forrader an effort to look presentable (1991). The environment in which an adolescent grows up also plays an important role in their identity development.II. Self ConceptEarly in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, succeeding(a) possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and world-wide self-descriptions typical of young children as children, they defined themselves with physical traits wherea s as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts and opinions.III. Sense of identityUnlike the conflict aspects of self-concept, identity represents a coherent sense of self unchangeable across circumstances and including past experiences and future goals. Everyone has a self-concept, whereas Erik Erikson argued that not everyone fully achieves identity. Eriksons theory of stages of development includes the identity crisis in which adolescents must explore different possibilities and integrate different parts of themselves before committing to their beliefs. He described the resolution of this process as a stage of identity act but also stressed that the identity challenge is neer fully resolved once and for all at one point in time. Adolescents begin by define themselves based on their crowd membership. Clothes help teens explore new identities, separate from parents, and bond with peers. Fashion has played a major role when it comes to teenagers fi nding their selves Fashion is always evolving, which corresponds with the evolution of change in the personality of teenagers.IV. Environment and identityAn adolescents environment plays a wide role in their identity development. While most adolescent studies are conducted on white, middle category children, studies have shown that the more privileged upbringing one has the more successful they go out be in the development of their identity. The forming of an adolescents identity is a crucial time in their life. It has been recently found that demographic patterns suggest that the transition to adulthood is now occurring over a longer span of years than was the case during the middle of the 20th century. Accordingly, youth, a period that spans late adolescence and early adulthood, has become a more prominent stage of the life course. This therefore has caused various factors to become important during this development. So many factors transmit to the maturation social identity of an adolescent from commitment, to coping devices, to social media. All of these factors are affected by the environment an adolescent grows up in.A child from a more privileged upbringing will be receptive to more opportunities as well as better situations in general. An adolescent from an inside city or a crime driven neighborhood is more likely to be exposed to an environment that can be detrimental to their development. Adolescence is a very sensitive period in the development process of ones life and exposure to the wrong things at that time can have a major affect on decisions someone will make. While children that grow up in nice suburban communities are not exposed to bad environments they are more likely to put down in activities that can benefit their identity and contribute to a more successful identity development.V. intimate orientation and identitySexual orientation has been defined as an erotic inclination toward flock of one or more genders, most often describe d as sexual or erotic attractions. In recent years, psychologists have sought to understand how sexual orientation develops during adolescence. Some theorists believe that there are many different possible developmental paths one could take, and that the specific path an individual follows may be determined by their sex, orientation, and when they reached the onset of puberty.VI. Self-esteemThe final major aspect of identity formation is self-esteem, ones thoughts and feelings about ones self-concept and identity. Contrary to popular belief, there is no empirical separate for a significant drop in self-esteem over the course of adolescence. Barometric self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety, but baseline self-esteem remains highly stable across adolescence. Girls are most likely to enjoy high self-esteem when engaged in verifying relationships with friends the most important function of friendship to them is having someone who can provide social an d moral support. When they disregard to win friends approval or couldnt find someone with whom to share common activities and common interests, in these cases, girls will suffer from low self-esteem.In contrast, boys are more concerned with establishing and asserting their freedom and defining their relation to authority. As such, they are more likely to derive high self-esteem from their ability to successfully puzzle out their friends on the other hand, the lack of romantic competence, for example, failure to win or maintain the regard of the opposite or same-sex (depending on sexual orientation), is the major contributor to low self-esteem in adolescent boys. ECONOMIC CRISES plenty HAVE SERIOUS IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Financial crises, at both the global and the national level, are ubiquitous. This raises concern about the human impacts of crises, especially among more defenceless populations in developing countries.This is particularly true during childhood and youth, when the brain is developing rapidly, and when socio-emotional and behavioral developments are at their peak. Given the accumulative nature of human development, shortfalls or setbacks at any stage of the life coursefrom the antenatal environment through adolescenceare often difficult to reverse later in life and may have severe consequences for individual development as well as for the growth and development of successful communities. Thus, it is necessity to protect and promote human development in the face of adversity. Three unified concepts provide the asylum for understanding the potential impacts of shocks on children and youth.a) TimingHuman development is characterized by critical periods of life during which certain investments must be made to facilitate the achievement of specific milestones in development, or stage outstanding developmental tasks. These age-related expectations for the mastery of particular tasks provide benchmarks for the abilities that an in dividual should ideally master by different ages, and that are correlated with successful development and transition to subsequent stages in life. Economic crises can disrupt a young persons normal development by preventing or delaying the mastery of these developmental tasks at specific stages, whichif uncorrectedcan have potential long term consequences.b) ContextDevelopment in childhood and youth is influenced by diverse contexts or settings (family, peers, schools, communities, socio-cultural belief systems, policy regimes, and the parsimoniousness). The relative importance of these settings changes during the life course. Interactions among these settings determine both the transmission system of shocks such as a financial crisis to the young persons immediate environment and the impact of the shock on her development. As development is partly a function of a persons repeated interactions with her immediate environment (the proximal processes of human development), shocks can disrupt the contexts in which these processes occur, and hinder a young persons ability to develop successfully.c) Transmission mechanismsthither are numerous pathways through which a crisis can affect the well-being and development of a young person. Crises may be experienced directly at the individual level (through e.g. a change in aspirations and identity), or indirectly through the family, school, or other settings (through e.g. increased parental stress, parental job loss, a reduction in publicly-provided services). The developing person will experience crises through the loss in income, but also through other channels, such as psychological distress. The relevance of each particular transmission mechanism varies depending on the life stage of the person as well as on the context. antithetical settings may provide protective factors that prevent, mitigate or attenuate negative impacts these factors can be a source of resilience, facilitating positive adaptive behavior on the part of the developing person.Effects of economic crises on adolescents Adolescence is a crucial stage in a persons development. Adolescence is marked by unintelligible physical, emotional, and social transitions the brain undergoes significant neurological development, and cognitive and socio-emotional abilities take shape. While social expectations of the precise quantify of certain transitions vary across countries and cultures, all adolescents are eventually expected to make the transition to adulthood, including ingress work, becoming financially independent, and starting a family. Adapting to these new roles and successfully managing this transition requires the mastery of three interrelated stage-salient tasks3 a. Autonomy and relatednessAs young people mature, they renegotiate their relationships with parents, peers, teachers, and other adults. Settings extracurricular the family, such as the workplace, become increasingly important. Young people must achieve greater pe rsonal and financial independence while maintaining positive relationships with parents and other adults.b. IdentityThe process of growing more autonomous and defining ones role in society requires that adolescents establish personal and vocational preferences and aspirations.c. Goal setting and achievementThe ability to define goals and plan and act strategically provides the foundation for subsequent growth and development.ECONOMIC CRISES CAN IMPAIR HEALTHY ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENTCrises affect the opportunities and support structures available to adolescents to develop the cognitive, socio-emotional, and behavioral competencies undeniable to master the stage-salient tasks. In particular, crises can lead to i) Limited and unpredictable employment opportunities juvenility employment tends to be more vulnerable to economic crises than adult employment. Young people are often engaged in temporary and unprotected worksuch as seasonal, temporary, and part-time jobsor in sectors particul arly vulnerable to economic fluctuations, such as construction. By constraining employment opportunities, as well as the availableness of other entry points into the labor market, such as internships and apprenticeships, economic shocks affect the process of acquiring infallible skills, work experience, and achieving financial autonomy. Worsening labor market conditions can also affect adolescents expectations, vocational identity, and personal goals, as the context and grokd likelihood of achieving them may change dramatically. ii) Loss of parental employment and income, and deterioration of family dynamics The threat or realization of losing income or assets can lead to anxiety among parents, which is then inherited to adolescents through parents emotions and behaviors. For example, the quality of parenting can be negatively affected, impairing the development of adolescents autonomy and ability to form relationships. damage family dynamics are linked to mental health problems and heightened incidence of risky behaviors.Research also shows that adolescents who perceive economic stress within their families have lower self-expectations for the future. iii) Changes in the availability of adult role models outside the family Crises may not only affect intra family dynamics, but also the availability of and interactions with positive role models in the school or community. Lower public expenditure can adversely affect the quality as well as quantity of schooling, while supervised extracurricular activities and out-of-school programs are often discontinued.These constrain the availability of positive adult mentoring relationships, restricting the support and guidance available to adolescents in mastering their developmental tasks. In addition to these disruptions in their immediate environment, adolescents are more aware than younger children of the impact of shocks on socioeconomic status, and they may perceive economic pressures and stigma more directly. T his can lead to additional difficulties with psychosocial adjustment, and influence their self-esteem, identity, future orientation, and efficacy beliefs. THE FAILURE TO MASTER CRITICAL TASKS CAN HAVE NEGATIVE IMPLICATIONS FOR ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT. disaster to achieve stage-salient developmental tasks can jeopardize other life outcomes. Although there is considerable heterogeneity across individuals, crises can have particularly negative consequences in the following areasa) Schooling & EmploymentContrary to the experience of idiosyncratic shocks, such as parental job loss, there is no compelling evidence that young people leave school during aggregate crises to work and support the household. Young people have few job opportunities in a crisis this decreases the perceived returns to entering the labor market relative to remaining in school. On the other hand, diminished opportunities for employment can severely affect those young people who do try to enter the labor market. Ear ly un- and underemployment is known to have serious long-term effects on future employment and lifetime income, and these young people often fail to catch up when the economy rebounds.b) Mental healthBy altering their relationships, identity, and goals for the future, unexpected life events can affect adolescents physical and mental health. Difficulty in the labor market may lead to hopelessness and lower self-esteem, especially for young people who are in the process of forming occupational identities. In fact, unemployment experienced at early ages is associated with stress, depression, and unsoundness later in life. Mental health problems during youth can also lead to lower educational achievement, increased substance abuse, violence, and risky sexual behavior.c) Risky behaviorEconomic adversity and its effects on the adolescent and her immediate environment may lead to greater risk taking, although this response is by no means universal. Crises can diminish the quality of paren ting, which in turn may increase the likelihood for vice among youth. Similarly, stress and mental health problems have been associated with risky sexual activity. But while young people who experience severe stress are more prone to substance abuse, an income shock that decreases disposable income can decrease the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs.SignificanceHaving some knowledge about human lifespan development is expert for many reasons. It increases self-awareness and understanding, which helps with life planning. If a female is aware of the stages of her physical development, for example, she will know that her natural vaginal birth years are limited. If she wants to have children, she can use family planning to make choices about her education, career and mate to support this goal. Additionally, this knowledge can be helpful for improving relationships and interpersonal communication and resolving conflicts. inferenceHuman development is marked by different stages and milestones over the lifespan. It is expressed over three domains physical, cognitive and socio/emotional. While human physical and cognitive development is universal, socio/emotional definitions and development vary from culture to culture. Gaining a basic knowledge of human lifespan development will lead to a better understanding of the appearance, perceptions and behaviors ofthe self and others. Physical development has to do with the way that the human body develops over a lifespan. The most rapid and complex human development occurs during the prenatal period. From infancy to early childhood, the physical milestones include developing motor skills like learning to control body movements, walk, talk, speak, use tools like spoons and forks and use the rest room.From infancy to early childhood, humans grow in height, weight and mass and get their first set of teeth. Cognitive development has to do with the way humans perceive and experience the world and deals with issues like memory, thinking and decision-making processes and concept comprehension. During the prenatal period, cognitive development is highly enveloped in physical development as the primary tool for cognition the brain is still being developed. Socio/emotional development has to do with how an individual is able to handle emotions, relationships, social situations, and the various roles demanded of them by society. Some aspect of Socio/Emotional standards, such as social expectations, relationships, and roles vary from culture to culture.REFERENCE1. Human Development, Diane E. Papalia, 9th edition2. Boyd, D., and Bee, H., (2006). Lifespan Development, Fourth Edition. Boston, MA. Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Chassin, L., A. Hussong, and A. Beltran. 2009. Adolescent Substance Use. In enchiridion of Adolescent Psychology. 3rd ed., Hoboken, NJ Wiley. Lundberg, P. et al. 2011. Poor Mental wellness and Sexual Risk Behaviours in Uganda A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study. BMC Public Health 11 (125) 110 4. Bell, D., and D. Blanchflower. 2010. Young People and Recession A Lost Generation? Working Paper. Dartmouth College. 5. See for example Duryea, S., and M. Morales. 2011. Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Childrens School and Employment Outcomes in El Salvador. Development 6. Policy Review 29 (5) 52746. Scarpetta, S., A. Sonnet, and T. Manfredi. 2010. 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