American Outcasts The Okie Exodus - 714 Words

American Outcasts: The Okie Exodus On the notorious â€Å"Black Tuesday,† October 29, 1929, Wall Street suffered a massive financial collapse due to heavy trading prices on the New York Stock Exchange. President Hoover claimed the U.S. business was â€Å"on a sound and prosperous basis,† but he couldn’t have been any further from the truth. The collapse of the U.S. economy, which was the largest in the world, created a global financial shockwave that could be felt across the globe. By 1931, the effects of Depression affected not only the U.S., but the world. â€Å"By 1933, 30 million people in industrial nations were unemployed, five times the number of unemployed four years before† (Starr 54). During the Great Depression, unemployment rates†¦show more content†¦The series of articles from John Steinbeck’s Harvest Gypsies finds that those who lived in These people were tenant farmers or sharecroppers, who lost their homes and were migrant workers, and lived in extended famil ies. A combination of rural and urban people with no government relief. Many people in the United States were tenant farmers or sharecroppers before the Great Depression. During the Great Depression, many of these tenant farmers or sharecroppers were forced off the land, because either their labor could not be afforded, or the land wasn’t arable as was the place in the Plains region. Originally, the government under Herbert Hoover didn’t believe it was the government’s responsibility to re-stimulate the economy. Once elected, Roosevelt would reverse Hoover’s hand-off, laissez-faire approach to the tankered economy by taking a more hands-on, socialistic approach; raising interest rates on loans, tax rates, and reducing the acreage allotted to farms- the beginning of his New Deal policies(Kennedy 168). â€Å"Farm income had declined sixty percent between 1929 and 1932. A third of all American farmers lost their land†(Brinkley 655). Many tenant farmers and sharecroppers their wages couldn’t be paid or the bank repossessed the land. The Joad’s from The Grapes of Wrath represents the tenant farmers who lost their land. Many sharecroppers from the South and midwestern plains ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Grapes Of Wrath 1193 Words   |  5 Pagesdie, and their kids ain’t no good and they die out. But we keep a comin’, we’re the people that live. They can’t wipe us out; they can’t lick us. We’ll go on forever Pa, ‘cause we’re the people.† This statement captures the resilience of the American working class since the birth of the country. Ma s speech can be read as a proclamation of necessary fictions to bolster the morale of the family. She is the uncomplaining maintainer of status quo in the home, the ultimate mother figure who not

Kill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee - 1958 Words

To Kill a Mockingbird, a Pulitzer Prize winning novel has taught many people about the reality of life in the mid 1900’s and is a book that captures the attention of the reader as soon as they first pick it up. This amazing book written by Harper Lee is set in a small town called Maycomb, which is located in Alabama. It is set in the 1930’s a time between the rush of the roaring twenties and the distress of World War II in the 1940’s. This was a time when the economy was low and money was scarce for both races, Whites and African Americans. The cruelty of racism still loomed over communities and this had a huge impact on the children of this decade. To Kill a Mockingbird exhibits the harsh cruelty of racism and stereotyping throughout a community through tangent events and show the impact it has on children’s innocence through the perspective of Scout and Jem Finch. These two children of a respected lawyer are forced to face the cruelty of violence and rac ism while their father fights for the justice of an African American who has been charged with the rape of a white girl. The Great Depression in the 1930’s is accurately portrayed in Harper Lee’s novel through the representation of families seeking financial aid due to scarcity of money, the methods of payments that many families had to use and also the hostility and prejudice attitudes that were between the citizens of many families in Maycomb during this time. Many people are shown struggling in this novel due to thisShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson ’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establ ishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her

Business Research Report Proposal Final Research Proposal

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research Report Proposal for Final Research Proposal. Answer: Introduction: The business of the tourism is increased since last two decades. The numbers of people visiting to the tourist places from the different countries are increasing continuously. Due to availability of the good transportation facilities, people visit most of the tourist places of the world. Due to these reasons, the business of the tourism and related businesses such hotel industry and related small businesses are increasing rapidly. The tourists places near the coastal area are favourite places of the tourists. Most of the tourists prefer the costal places. Due to these reasons the study of the tourism business is very important. There are so many factors which affects the business of tourism. To check the relationship among the different factors associated with the tourism industry is very important for understanding the details of this industry. The Gold Coast in the Queensland, Australia is very well developed tourist destination of the various peoples among the world. Most of the p eople visit this destination due to the beautiful sunny locations and other beautiful places. The main business of this city is the tourism and there is huge revenue created due to lots of tourists visiting Gold Coast city of Australia. Business Research Topic For this business research study, we select the topic as the tourism in the Gold Coast of the Australia. We want to study the different factors related to the tourism in the Gold Coast in the Queensland Australia. We want to analyse the different issues regarding the tourism in the Gold Coast city. We want to study the number of visitors or tourists visiting the Gold Coast in the Australia. We also want to check whether the proportion of the male and female is same in the tourists who visit the Gold Coast. Also we want to analyse the claim whether there is any significance difference in the visitors as per the different age groups. We want to check from which country most of the tourists came for visiting Gold Coast city. Also, we want to analyse some data regarding the accommodation facilities in the Gold Coast of the Australia. We will study what will be average expenditure for the hotel and food for the tourists visiting Gold Coast. Also, we will analyse the data related to some o ther variables related to the tourism in the Gold Coast in the Queensland Australia. Literature Review The Gold Coast is called as the theme park capital of Australia. It has plenty of choices to appeal to all ages. It is the coastal city located in the South East Queensland. This is the second most populous city in the state. Due to the beautiful locations, this is the favourite place of the tourists. This is the most popular destination of the peoples due to its sunny subtropical climate, surfing beaches, canal and waterway systems, its high-rise dominated skyline, theme parks, nightlife, and rainforest. Due to beautiful places it is the favourite destination for the film producers. Tourism is the main industry for the Gold Coast. It produces total of $2.5 million in revenue per annum. This destination is the fifth most visited destination by the international tourists. The business of tourism is developed widely in the Gold Coast. Transportation facilities in the city are very good and all types of other infrastructure is available in the city. Research Questions For this research study, it is important to establish the research questions. By using this research questions we will check the different claims by using the statistical analysis. For this research study, the research questions are summarised as below: Is there any significant difference in the number of male and female tourists visiting the Gold Coast of Australia? Is there any significant difference in the number of the tourists with the different age groups? What is the average expenditure and average stay of the tourists in the Gold Coast of Australia? Which tourists place in the Gold Coast in the Australia most visited by the tourists? Is there any increment in the number of visitors in the Gold Coast of Australia? For checking these claims or research questions, we will use the proper research methodologies and techniques which are discussed in the next topic. Research Methodologies and Techniques For this research study, the first step is to collect the data by using the proper method of sampling. For the purpose of collection of data, we would use the simple random sampling for the selection of the tourists. The data should be collected by using the proper method. We want to collect the data for the different variables such as number of days the tourist stay in Gold Coast, total expenditure of the tourist in the Gold Coast, number of visitors in the Gold Coast, etc. For the purpose of collection of the data for the number of tourists visiting the Gold Coast we will use the government resource. We need to use the different resources for the purpose of collection of data. Also, we have to collect some information from the tourists. For this purpose, we need to prepare a well prepared questionnaire for collecting the information regarding the tourists. The questionnaire should be well prepared and it should be understandable to the tourists from different countries. There would be a language problem for the most of the tourists and therefore it is important to translate the questionnaire in the different languages so that tourists give the response in an easy manner. It should be kept in mind that there would be no bias for the tourists from the different parts of the globe. The collected sample should be representative of entire world. If the collected sample contains bias then we do not get the unbiased results for the research study. Also, it is important to maintain the proper sample size. If the sample size is too small, then there would be biased results and these results are not applicable or we can say that these estimates are not useful for further study or analysis regarding the tourism in the Gold Coast city of Australia. A Project Plan using a Gantt Chart A Gantt chart is the chart of the proper time management for the different activities included in the research study. For this research study we have to perform different activities for the purpose of data collection and data analysis. The general Gantt chart for this research project is given as below: Activity Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 Study of tourist business in Gold Coast Data collection - Interviews Data collection - Questionnaire Data collection - Telephonic Organization of data in tabular format Statistical data analysis Research outcomes Description of the Research Process First of all, we will decide the research hypothesis or research questions for the research study. After deciding the research hypothesis or aims for the research study, we will collect the data by using the different methods such as interviews, questionnaire, telephonic interviews, etc. After collection of the responses from the tourists we will organize the entire data in the well prepared tabular format. Then by using this data we will analyse the data by using the different statistical tools and methods. We will use the descriptive statistics, graphical analysis and inferential statistics for the purpose of analysis of data collected for the research study. We will use the different statistical tests for the purpose of testing the different claims under study. After the statistical analysis, we will find out the research outcomes or the results for the research study regarding the tourism in the Gold Coast city of Queensland Australia. Data Collection and Analysis Methods For this research study, we will collect the data by using the different methods. We will use the questionnaire for getting the responses from the tourists visiting the Gold Coast of Australia. Also, we will arrange the simple interviews or telephonic interviews for collection of the data from the tourists. Also, we will use the different resources for the purpose of collection of data for the number of visitors in the Gold Coast city. We will use the different authorised agencies for the data resources. After collection of the data we will use the different statistical methods and techniques. We will use the descriptive statistics for getting the general idea about the different variables included in the research study. Also, we will use the graphical analysis for the different variables for getting the information regarding the nature of the data for the variables related to the tourism in the Gold Coast city of Australia. For checking the different claims regarding the tourism in the Gold Coast we will use the inferential statistics or the testing of hypothesis. We will use the different statistical tests for checking the claims. For checking the significant difference between the different factors for the variables under study, we would use the one sample t test or the two sample t test. We will use the analysis of variance for checking the significant difference in the tourists with different age groups. Also, we will use the correlation and regression analysis for checking the relationship between the different variables and estimation of the population parameters regarding the tourists industry in the Gold coast city of Australia. Expected Research Outcomes After statistical analysis we will find out the research outcomes for the research study. For this research study, the expected outcomes for this study are summarised as below: We expect that there would be no any significant difference in the number of male and female tourists who visits the Gold Coast of the Australia. Also, we expect that there would be no any significant difference in the number of tourists with the different age groups who visited to the Gold Coast of Australia as it is favourite city for all age groups. Also, we will find the average expenditure for the tourists in the Gold Coast and also find the average number of days stay in the city. Also, we will find out which place is most visited by the tourists in the Gold Coast in the Australia. Also, we expect that the average number of customers who visited to the Gold Coast of Australia would be increased in the recent years. References: Schervish, Mark J. (1995). Theory of statistics (Corr. 2nd print. ed.). New York: Springer Moses, Lincoln E. (1986) Think and Explain with Statistics, Addison-Wesley Hays, William Lee, (1973) Statistics for the Social Sciences, Holt, Rinehart and Winston Rubin, Donald B.; Little, Roderick J. A., Statistical analysis with missing data, New York: Wiley 2002 Mosteller, F., Tukey, J. W. (1977). Data analysis and regression. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Mann, Prem S. (1995). Introductory Statistics (2nd ed.). Wiley. Babbie, Earl R. (2009). The Practice of Social Research (12th ed.). Wadsworth.

Internet Marketing of HND Essay Example

Internet Marketing of HND Essay Higher National Diploma in Business (CUFF) Marketing Assessor Lund HO Unit title Internet I confirm that this is all my own work and has not been submitted for any previous sentimentalists signatures OutcomeCriteriaAssessors declinational Verification Understand marketing through the internet. 1. 1 explain the elements of internet marketing 1. 2 evaluate the internet marketing mix . 3 compare internet marketing tools e-tools . 4 examine interactive order preprocessing Be able to use the internet for promotion using digital marketing communications 2. 1 demonstrate the mechanics of search engine racketing. Write the copy for a suitable opt-in email marketing newsletters. 3 follow guidelines for best practice in online public relations. 4 demonstrate how businesses can use new digital media communities, egg file-sharing sites Professors additional feedback and comments Decision Merit grades awarded MI Modifications grades awarded Tangential verification of assignment brief (final agree d version)lb name Tattle confirm that this is all my own work and has not been submitted for any previous sentimentalists signature Grading Pass All criteria identified in the assignment are met. Merit (MI) Clear and proper descriptions about elements of internet marketing. (MM) During discussing the mechanics of search engine marketing, all aspects of search engine functions should be correctly considered. (MM) The report is submitted in a standard format, the structure is clear and reasonable, and the materials were well-organized. Distinction (ODL) Describe how effective their public relation processing policy between 360 and Q. (DO) With a strict and logical way to write the copy for a suitable opt-in email marketing newsletter. DB) The submitted conclusion about how Baud can use new chital media communities is written from new perspective beyond the text book. Scenario The embassies a quote from the last line of HYPERLINK http// en. Wisped. Org/wick/Gin_Quoi o Gin Kill Gin Isis classical poem Green Jade Table in The Lantern Festival saying Having searched thousands of times in the crowd, suddenly turning back, She is there in the dimmest candlelight. The context of the p oem is that in ancient China, girls had to stay indoors, and the Lantern Festival was one of the few times they could go outside. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Marketing of HND specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Marketing of HND specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Marketing of HND specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the chaotic sea of lantern lights, they loud sneak away to meet their lovers and exchange promises to meet again next year. A summary of the entire poem Flowers bursting into bloom in the sky, stars falling like rain (fireworks/meteor shower), Whole streets filled with perfume, Jeweled horses pulling ornate carriages, fish and dragon lanterns dancing throughout the entire night. A body decorated with golden thread and butterfly trinket, laughter that has a subtle fragrance. Having searched for this person until exhaustion, when suddenly turning back by chance, I find her standing lonely in the far end of the street in the waning light. Many people have asked about the meaning of our name. Baud was inspired by a poem written more than 800 years ago during the Song Dynasty. The poem compares the search for a retreating beauty amid chaotic glamour with the search for ones dream while confronted by lifes many obstacles. Hundreds and thousands of times, for her I searched in chaos, suddenly, I turned by chance, to where the lights were waning, and there she stood. Baud, whose literal meaning is hundreds of times, represents persistent search for the ideal. In 1994, Robin Lie Joined DID Information Services, a New Jersey division of DOD Jones and Company, where he helped develop software for the online edition of the Wall Street Journal. He also worked on developing better algorithms for search engines and remained at DID Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997. In 1996, while at DID, Lie developed the Rankled site-scoring algorithm for search engines results page ranking and received a US patent for the technology. He later used this technology for the Baud search engine. On July 31 , 2012, Baud announced they would team up with Sinai to provide mobile search results. On November 18, 012, Baud announced that they would be partnering with Qualms to offer free cloud storage to Android users with Snapdragon processors. On August 2, 2013, Baud launched Personal Assistant app for businessperson, to help Coos, managers and the white-collars manage their business relationships. On August 14, 2013, Baud announced that its wholly owned subsidiary Baud (Hong Kong) Limited has signed a definitive merger agreement (the Agreement) to acquire a 100 percent equity interest in 91 Wireless Web-soft Limited from Androgen Web-soft Inc. Baud offers several arrives to locate information, products and services using Chinese-language search terms, such as, search by Chinese phonetics, advanced search, snapshots, spell checker, stock quotes, news, knows, postwar, images, video and space information, and weather, train and flight schedules and other local information. The user-agent string of Baud search engine is Baudelaire. Also, a Baud application for Apples ISO is available. Baud focuses on generating revenues primarily from online marketing services. Bauds pay for placement (POP) platform enables its customers to reach seers who search for information related to their products or services. Customers use automated online tools to create text-based descriptions of their web pages and bid on keywords that trigger the display of their weapon information and link. Bauds POP platform features an automated online sign-up process that customers use to activate their accounts at any time. The POP platform is an online marketplace that introduces Internet search users to customers who bid for priority placement in the search results. Baud also uses third-party distributors to sell some of its online racketing services to end customers and offers discounts to these distributors in consideration of their services. Baud offers certain consultative services, such as keyword suggestions, account management and performance reporting. Baud suggests synonyms and associated phrases to use as keywords or text in search listings. These suggestions can improve colorimetric rates of the customers listing and increase the likelihood that a user will enter into a transaction with the customer. Baud also provides online daily reports of the number of clotheshorse, licked keywords and the total costs incurred, as well as statistical reports organized by geographic region. Bauds primary advertising product is called Baud Tugging and is similar to Google Towards and Diseased. It is a pay per click advertising platform that allows advertisers to have their ads shown in Baud search results pages and on other websites that are part of Baud Union. Baud sells its advertising products via a network of resellers. Bauds web administrative tools are all in Chinese, which makes it tough for non-Chinese speakers to use.

Report on Emotion, Identity, and Religion Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness, by Douglas Davies

Introduction This report is aimed at discussing the marketing campaign surrounding the release of such book as Emotion, Identity, and Religion: Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness, written by Douglas Davies. This work was published by Oxford University Press on 10 March, 2011.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on Emotion, Identity, and Religion: Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness, by Douglas Davies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is necessary to analyze the target audience of this book or product, the elements of the marketing mix that have been included in its promotion. Furthermore, it is important for us to discuss the competitive environment of this product and identify those factors which might pose a threat to the commercial success of this publication. Finally, it is necessary to present overall evaluation of the company’s promotion strategies, particularly regarding this book. Target market Th e target audience of this book is very difficult to define. Judging from its content, one can argue that it is intended for well-educated people, who major in religious studies, history, or psychology. One may argue that this book will be of the greatest interest to educators or students. Certainly, it is possible to say that increasing attention to the relationship between religion and culture can contribute to the success of this book among general audience. But, the main readers of this book can be graduate or post-graduate students, professors of psychology and religious studies, and those scholars, who are doing research in this field. Apart from that, we can hypothesize that the age of readers will 22 and above since at this age people are more likely to have necessary background knowledge in order to read this work. Finally, we can assume that this book is intended to both male and female readers.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More SWOT Analysis Strengths This marketing campaign has several strengths. First of all, we need to speak about brand. Oxford University Press has long been regarded as a leading scholarly publisher which always attempts to offer only the most innovative and well-researched works to the readers. Secondly, we need to mention that the author of this book Douglas Davies is a well-known expert in religious studies; thus, his opinion will be valued by the readers. Finally, the most important strength is the product itself. The book Emotion, Identity, and Religion Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness presents a thought-provoking discussion of how religion can shape a person’s identity. Weaknesses One can identify several essential weaknesses of this item. Judging from the cover of the book, one can hardly deduce its target audience. It is not clear whether it is intended for scholars, majoring in religious studies or for peopl e, who are interested in psychology, anthropology, or sociology. This lack of focus can undermine commercial performance of this item because prospective readers may not know whether this book will be of any benefit to them. The second weakness is poor use of the brand. The thing is that a potential buyer may not notice the name of the publishing house. The thing is that readers may be more willing to purchase a book, if they know that it was released by Oxford University Press. Additionally, we need to mention that the publishing house does not provide detailed information about the author. They should have mentioned that Douglas Davis has written more than 20 books about psychology and sociology of religion. By referring to these books, the publishers would have been able to attract customers, who formerly read the books of this author. These are the major limitations of this publication that we can identify. On the whole, they can significantly reduce the commercial success of th is book. Opportunities The major opportunity is increasing interest of readers to this topic. Many people (not necessarily professionals) want to understand the similarities and differences between the world’s largest religions and their impact on the identity of people and society, in general.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report on Emotion, Identity, and Religion: Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness, by Douglas Davies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, we should note that religious studies are becoming more and more connected with other disciplines, such as sociology or psychology. This trend can eventually increase the target audience of this title and this factor was definitely taken into account by Oxford University Press. Threats There are several external factors which downgrade the success of this marketing campaign. First, the topic has already become a subject of numerous books and artic les. A great number of books have been written about the impacts of religion in identity and human emotions. Thus, it will be rather difficult for Oxford University Press to pursue product differentiation policy in this competitive environment. Sales Figures At this point, Oxford University Press does not provide accurate statistical data about the sales rates of this book. However, the figures provided by such websites as Amazon (2010, unpaged) indicate that this book does not perform very well. Currently, the sales rank of this book is 148,881 (Amazon, 2010, unpaged). This means that there are at least 148,881 books which are selling better than this title. This sales rank indicates that a copy of this book is purchased every one in a week. Overall, one can say that this work can hardly be called a bestseller. Nonetheless, we need to emphasize the point that at the given moment these numbers are definitive. This book was released only 7 weeks ago and this period of time is not suf ficient for conclusive evaluation. Market research conducted by the company One can assume that Oxford University Press carried out in-depth research of the market prior to the publication of this item. First of all, they determine the extent to which this topic has been examined and discussed in scholarly works and identifies the major books that were previously published. Secondly, they determined if this book by Douglas Davies would enjoy demand among the prospective readers. Competitive Environment This book has been launched into a very competitive environment. As it has been said before, there are numerous books, dedicated to this topic. For instance, we can mention the book called Religion and Identity, written by Patrick O’Sullivan (2001) or the work by Sean Oliver-Dee (2009) called Religion and Identify: divided loyalties?Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, there are thousands of books which can be indirectly related to this question. The majority of them belong to the domain of religious studies. Nonetheless, there are several characteristics of this product which can contribute to its success. Such brand as Oxford University Press has always been regarded as a paragon of academic excellence, and this perception can affect the purchasing decisions of the readers. Another difficulty which must not be overlooked is the dissemination of news about this book. Douglas Davies’ book can enjoy demand among readers only if it will be of interest to scholars and teachers. If this book will be used in educational institutions, the demand for it will eventually rise. These are the main external factors that can affect the financial performance of this item. Marketing Mix At this point, it is necessary for us to show how different elements of the marketing mix can be applied to this particular title; in particular, we need to spea k about the product, price, place and promotion. Prior to the launch of any title, the publisher must insure that the book is affordable to the target audience (Woll Raccah, 2010). Secondly, they need to make the product accessible to the customers and a publishing house must have a well-developed distribution network for effective network (Cole, 2004). Finally, the company has to increase the customers’ awareness about this product. In other words, this people need to know that this work was actually published. Most importantly, the publishers must convince the readers that this book really creates value for them. Product Judging from the cover of this title, one can argue that the designers wanted to emphasize the point that this book does tell what exactly the book will be about. Stonehenge servers as a background for the title and this image is familiar to every British readers and it is immediately associated with mystery and secret. This design is supposed to encourage the potential to read the annotation for the book and look through its contents. This cover aims to show that this book is based on in-depth research undertaken by an authoritative scholar, who can bring innovative and well-grounded ideas. Yet, the image of Stonehenge is very ambiguous: it may refer to history, cultural studies, or religion studies. The title of this item and its cover do not show to which academic discipline this book is related. The main drawback that we can detect is that the cover does not tell clearly for whom this book is intended. This is one of the major limitations of this product. Furthermore, we should point out that this book is released in hardcover and paperback. One should bear in mind that hardcover books are more costly, and publishing houses reserve them only for those books or authors whom they expect to be successful. In contrast, paperbacks are less expensive, and they are suitable for those books which may not be read very often since they are more likely to be damaged. Overall, this format enables the publishing house to reduce the costs of production and allows them to make the price more affordable but at the same time, it is less suitable for extensive reading. Thus, it is possible to say that Oxford University Press is not quite sure about the commercial success of this book. Certainly, they expect that customers will read this book more than once but they are not certain about it. One of the details, which attract attention, is poor use of branding. At first glance, one can hardly see that this book was published by Oxford University Press. The brand does not attract the reader’s attention. Price At the given moment, the price of this product is  £65.00; at least one can purchase this book from the official cite of Oxford University Press. However, one should bear in mind that this work is also available in paperback. If a customer chooses to buy it in this format; he/she would have to pay  £20.00 (Oxfor d University Press, 2011, unpaged). Thus, we can say that this publishing house attempts to pursue a flexible pricing policy. Additionally, we need to point out that prices for this book have not declined since the time of its publication. Place The customers can purchase this product from various sales outlets. First of all, we need to speak about various book stores in the United Kingdom. For instance, one can buy this book at Blackwell’s, Waterstones, Foyles, and so forth. Secondly, customers can order this work from the official website of Oxford University Press. Secondly, these book can be obtained from a host of online shops such as Amazon, e-Bay, Books-A-Milan, and so forth. Hence, it is possible for us to say that the publishers have made this book accessible to a large number of customers who may be living not only in the United Kingdom, but in other English-speaking countries as well. Promotion Oxford University Press has taken several steps to increase the custome rs’ awareness about this book. First of all, its release was immediately announced at different web-based shops such as Amazon, Alibris, Barnes Noble, Borders, IndieBound or Books-A-Milan. People, who are searching for information on the Web, especially if they are interested in religion and identity, can run accross this title. Furthermore, the new about the release of this title was released in scientific circles. For instance, this book was presented in Wolfson Research Institute which is a part of Durham University where Douglas Davis works as a Professor of Religious Studies (Durham University, 2011, unpaged). Furthermore, we need to mention that this book was reviewed by the editors of several newspapers. Evidence of sales achieved Although, Oxford University Press has yet to provide financial data about the sales rates of this book, one can say that currently, financial performance of this item leaves much to be desired. In the previous sections, we have mentioned that this book has a very low sale rank, namely 148,881 (Amazon.2011, unpaged). This figure indicates this book does not enjoy considerable demand among the potential customers. On average, a copy of this book is bought one in a week, and this is not the best result. However, we need to consider that Emotion, Identity, and Religion: Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness is intended for academic audience and low sales rates are not unusual for academic books. Conclusion At this point, it might be too early to judge the commercial success of such book as Emotion, Identity, and Religion Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness. As it has been said before, it was released only two months before and after a certain amount of time, the situation might change. The outcomes of this campaign depend on how this work will be received in scholarly circles. However, at this point, the marketing strategies do not bring the expected results. This can be explained by several factors such as highly competitive envir onment and increasing number of books, dedicated to this topic. However, we need to mention that in this case, the marketing mix was not developed properly, namely inadequate promotion and lack of attention to product development. These are the key reasons why this book does not enjoy considerable demand among customers. Appendixes.  Book Description Title: Emotion, Identity, and Religion: Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness Author: Douglas J. Davis. Publishing House: Oxford University Press. Publication Date: March 11, 2011 Product Dimensions: 9.3 x 6.4 x 1.1 inches Categories: Comparative religious studies, sociology, Christian Spirituality. References Amazon. (2011). Emotion, Identity, and Religion: Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness. Web. Baverstock, A, (1999). How To Market Books. 3rd Edition. Kogan Page Ltd. Blythe. J. (2006) Essentials of marketing communications. London: Pearson Education. Cole. D. 2004. The Complete Guide to Book Marketing. NY: Allworth Communications, Inc. D avies D. 2011. Emotion, Identity, and Religion: Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Durham University. 2011. â€Å"Emotion, Identity and Religion: Hope, Reciprocity and Otherness†. Web. Giles Clark, 2008. Inside Book Publishing. 4 Edition. London: Routledge. Oliver-Dee. S. (2009). Religion and identity: divided loyalties? Theos. Oxford University Press. 2011. â€Å"Emotion, Identity, and Religion Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness†. Web. Oxford University Press. 2011. The Official Website. Sullivan P. 2001. Religion and Identity. Dublin: Continuum Intl Pub Group. Woll T. Raccah D 2010. Publishing for Profit: Successful Bottom-Line Management for Book Publishers. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. This report on Report on Emotion, Identity, and Religion: Hope, Reciprocity, and Otherness, by Douglas Davies was written and submitted by user FatC0bra to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rise of Nzism in Germany essays

Rise of Nzism in Germany essays Germanys defeat in World War One created political, economic and social instability in the Weimar Republic and led to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or Nazi party. The First World War placed increasingly heavy strains and sacrifices on the German people. The gap between the rich and poor widened and divisions between classes increased. It had direct effect on the workers living standard as earnings fell and food shortages grew. Food was sold on the growing black market but the prices were high and the poor could not afford to buy. This led to a crisis in the cities and as many as 700 000 died of hypothermia and starvation in the winter of 1916-17. In order to force the German people to bear the hardship of the war, chancellor Bethmann Hollweg promised political reform in a speech in the Reichstag in February 1917. This promise led to political unrest and an organised strike of 400 000 ammunition workers in Berlin, which threatened to cripple arms production. However, as long as the military held their dominant position and the possibility of victory remained, the prospects of reform seemed remote. After the chancellor was forced to resign in July 1917 military repression increased. There were severe restrictions on the right of assembly, stricter control of meetings to discuss grievances, a return to military service for striking workers and the banning of all anti-war material. In September 1918 the military effort suddenly collapsed. The allied powers, in particular President Wilson of the United States, demanded that Germany be transformed into a democracy. On November 1918 the SPD declared the abdication of the Kaiser and the birth of the new Weimar Republic. On 28 June 1919 the German government signed the Treaty of Versailles imposed on it by the victorious powers. Clause 231 blamed Germany for causing the war and vast majority of Germans rejected this. They blamed ...

Time Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Time Management - Research Paper Example From the results obtained in this study, it is clear that time management is key in ensuring that students realize better performance. As highlighted above, students with a higher self time management skills had a higher mean score on the TASK score. The statistical analysis proved that time management is correlated with student performance. This is because, students who were better placed in terms of time management skills professionally, ranked higher in terms of performance. The SPSS analysis indicates there is moderate to strong positive correlation between time management and student achievement. It was observed the five participants that completed the survey had their TAKS scores above the seventy percent-tile. It is undisputed that the process of teaching takes a considerable amount of time, and in school, just like it applies to other areas, there is never enough of it. As widely cited the biggest challenges for teachers, as well as students entail managing time. It has been noted that time management is a thread running through all aspects of teaching. It determines various activities such as organizing the day, deciding how often and how long various subjects are to be taught, organizing classroom, recording the progress of students, and how to reduce keep time-consuming behavioral problems. In the view of Berry, Daughtrey and Wieder effective use of time in school starts with efficient classroom management and organization. According to Ames and Archer most of the essentials of the classroom life often involve management of time. ... Endeavoring to elucidate on this issue, this paper seeks to investigate if there exists a significant correlation between teachers with time management skills and student achievement. This would be based on Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) scores. Statement of the Problem There is a growing pressure on teachers, students and policy makers within education sector to measure up to the expected standards of performance. Students are expected to work hard and make sure they make their parents and teachers proud by passing their exams. As often the case, administrators in charge of schools are under pressure to comply with government policies, which support better utilization of time for the better of student success. For this to be achieved there is need for school administrators, the student fraternity and the entire teaching staff to impress programs that are geared towards maximizing on time utility. This can only be done if the issue of time management is taken into co nsideration. This points to the fact that such schools need to take into consideration the role of time management and its impact on instructional time in case they so wish to meet the demands of increasing student achievement. Research Questions This study was driven by the research questions below: 1. Can the student success be influenced by time management skills? 2. Does teacher’s with time management skills and student achievement correlate? Purpose of the Study The study aimed at establishing the link between student’s achievement and time management skills. This shall be achieved through examining the two important parameters: time management skills and the academic success of students’ basing on the student scores on Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills

Monopoly Power in the Computer Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Monopoly Power in the Computer Industry - Essay Example In a slack antitrust environment, Watson swiftly weeded out virtually all of IBM's once many electromechanical equipment rivals. To its huge credit, IBM and Tom Watson Jr. managed to retain this near-monopoly position through the long shift to totally electronic computing, creating the mainframe colossus of the 1960s and 1970s. Since then, monopoly power has been progressively and unavoidably dissipating. First arrived minicomputers, where IBM could never get more than a third of the business. Then, certainly came the PC and IBM's crucial decision to essentially pass its power on to Microsoft and Intel and, much less directly, to Cisco. As great as the power of these three companies is today, it's still restricted to a few relatively narrow industry segments that account for only a tiny share of total industry revenue. Further, even the joint global power of the three giants is nowhere near what IBM alone enjoyed in its halcyon days. Understandably, the computer business has become more competitive over time. But now the Internet has come up to finish off the job. Already, the emergence of non-PC devices and the invariably problematic plug-compatible chip competition have helped confine Intel. Now, the accelerating shift from packaged software to Web services promises to restrain Microsoft's once uncontrolled ambitions. Finally, the shift from in-house corporate networks to public carrier services will inescapably undo Cisco's still-iron grip on the data-communications-equipment industry. All three companies should continue to flourish tremendously, but their power has already begun to fade.People frequently ask who the next Microsoft or Intel will be. The simple answer is "No one." Although there will certainly be many huge new Internet companies, there probably won't be any major new monopolists.  Ã‚  

What role does reason play in deciding ethical questions Essay

What role does reason play in deciding ethical questions - Essay Example Due to the presentation of such type of appropriate and logical decisions, each and every employee or individual becomes extremely stimulated and inspired towards the management or the decision-maker. For example: if the management decides to implement advanced machines and techniques within the organization in order to increase production, then such an idea or decision is accepted and admitted by all. Apart from this, reason also plays an important role in analyzing the various practical facts so as to evaluate all the pros and cons. By doing so, the individual might think on all the possible options and then act accordingly so that the final results are substantive in nature. In addition, this might help an individual to make ethical judgments explicitly as per the context so that it might prove worthy for all. For example: in order to reduce the rate of defects, the organization decided to implement the technique of total quality management (TQM), which is accepted by every individual, as it is a justified decision on behalf of the management. This is because; by implementing the concept of TQM, the organization might reduce its weaknesses thereby amplifying the strengths and image in the market. Furthermore, reason is also regarded as an acquiescence of self-reflective minds. With the help of which, varied types of underlining desires and facts of an individual or decision-maker might be fulfilled in an effective way. However, this type of acquiescence’s also needed to be motivating in nature so as to make moral decisions contingent on logical facts. So as to, inspire all the employees or followers towards the decision in order to make it fruitful in all its aspects. This is mainly due to the fact, that with the help of proper explanation, justification and consideration, the decision is presented or prepared. From this paragraph, the philosophical

Huawei Human Resource Management (HRM)

Huawei Human Resource Management (HRM) The Human Resources Challenge of Huawei - Cultural clash Introduction Background of Huawei In 1987, Ren Zhengfei, then 44 years old, founded a telecom equipment-trading firm in Shenzhen, China, with startup capital of CNY 21,000. By the end of 2014, Huawei had 170,000 employees in more than 170 countries and regions, serving more than one-third of the world’s population, and leading the world in international patent applications. Over 30 years, it has grown to become the largest telecom company in the world. As well as that, it has operations and representative offices in more than 100 countries and serves over 1 billion users worldwide. Huaweis success boils down to two fundamental elements: the changing technology environment and the creativity of its people, so we can realize that employees play a very important role in Huawei and the human resources management is very crucial to Huawei Human resources challenges of Huawei According to Fang Lee Cooke (The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2012, p.1845), there are several challenge to HRM in host countries and management responses of Huawei. First, because salaries are based on performance levels, inexperienced local new hires may have lower wages. Second, unlike local employment laws, as foreign companies, they need to comply more strictly with these laws than China. Third, how to strike a balance between employee development and cost-effective employee disbursement is sometimes a dilemma because HCN employees need training and development opportunities and then leave more famous Western multinationals. Fourth, multiculturalism and diversity management is another issue. Huawei may be one of the few Chinese companies that actively adopt the concept of multiculturalism and diversity management. Fifth, the lack of approval from local employees and their employers and the lack of acceptance of the corporate culture of Chinese enterprises are a double challenge to the issue of retention. The key challenge Cultural clash is one of the key human resources aspects that affected Huawei. Huawei as a multinational company, the objective existence of the companys internal cultural differences, is bound to cause cultural conflicts in the enterprise. As the process of global integration accelerates and the flow of human resources in multinational enterprises like Huawei continues to accelerate, this cultural friction will increase day by day and gradually begin to manifest itself in the internal management and external operation of transnational corporations, resulting in the loss of market opportunities for transnational corporations and the inefficiency of the organizational structure and make the implementation of the global strategy in trouble. Therefore, this essay will attempt to demonstrate how the Huawei can solve this problem and develop better for its brighter future using human resources management practices. Main discussions Huaweis problem of human resources While Huawei successfully achieved its trans-national development, Huawei also encountered many challenges in its human resources management. The transnational management practice of Huawei shows that one of the important factors that affect transnational management is that various cultural conflicts arise from the differences in value orientation and behavior among people from different cultural backgrounds. How to realize the absorption and integration of culture has become a problem that Huawei constantly solves in transnational management. How to solve the cultural conflict of human resource management in Huawei With the continuous expansion and development of overseas affiliates of Huawei, Huawei conducts cross-cultural human resources management mainly through the following tactics: Localization strategy Localization strategy which means the concept of global adaptation is the business trying to integrate into the target market, and strive to become a target market strategy adopted. The essence of localization is the process of multinational corporations integrating production, marketing, management and personnel into the economy of the host country in an all-round way. Generally, they conduct a series of surveys to understand the actual local economy, culture and customs. At Huaweis overseas offices, everyone strives to create an atmosphere in which everyone, regardless of nationality and race, is a Huawei employee. Both Chinese and foreign cultures constantly collide and merge with each other. Under the influence of Huaweis culture, Huawei is gradually presenting its diversified and international characteristics. With the gradual implementation of localization business strategy, the ratio of Chinese and foreign employees in overseas institutions of Huawei continuously changes. Culturally compatible strategy Culturally compatible strategy is also the most important thing which need to understand the differences between different cultural concepts. Therefore, Huawei needs to integrate cultural differences into the overall marketing strategy to ensure that the realization of business goals will always be a major issue. For instance, Huawei’s employees in Uzbekistans offices regularly attend local weddings, travel to cities on holidays, watch ballets and learn about local culture and customs. Whenever an employee is on his birthday, everyone congratulates on sending a gift collectively. Cross-cultural training strategy Huawei implements cross-cultural training strategy. As international enterprises become the most important intercultural organizations in the world, the source of human resources is increasingly showing an international trend among a considerable number of enterprises. More and more people of different colors become colleagues. The employees from different countries and nations have different cultural backgrounds. Employees values, needs, attitudes and behaviors are quite different. Such cultural differences within the enterprise inevitably lead to cultural conflicts. At the same time, due to cultural differences, the human resources management concepts, human resources management systems and methods of different countries vary. As a result, the human resources management concepts and management methods among the managers in the enterprises also continuously impact and collide. In the daily operation of enterprises and foreign exchanges, if employees are lack of the knowledge and skills of intercultural communication, the differences between cultures will create misunderstandings and unnecessary friction, which will affect the work efficiency and reduce the competitiveness of enterprises. Therefore, the cultural difference is also an obstacle that must be overcome in the internationalization and transnational management of human resources. Huawei employees will receive relevant training in the training department before leaving the country, such as the local cultures and related products. Daily training also includes seminars, language training, books, websites, discussion and simulation exercises and more. These trainings enhance the adaptability of employees with different cultural backgrounds and promote communication and understanding among people of different cultural backgrounds. Through continuous cross-cultural training, cross-cultural awareness has gradually developed among employees and learned to regard cultural differences as differences without distinction between good and bad, helping employees to be good at standing with people of different cultural backgrounds considering each others point of view, cross-cultural conflicts are greatly reduced. Common values management. A reason why a company can become a good company, a very important reason is that it has successfully created a kind of core values ​​and mission to enable all employees heartfelt identity, as the core values ​​of the enterprise culture once being all staff sincerely agree or share, it will affect peoples thinking and behavior patterns. HuangWeiwei (dedication – the Huawei Philosophy of Human Resources Management) claims that Huawei doesn’t like to make too much money. And the profits are not its motive – growth is. This aspect of the enterprise culture is what drives its HRM policies and approaches. In addition to regulating and managing overseas institutions under Huaweis business conditions, Huaweis corporate culture restricts every employees behavior in an invisible ideology. Even away from overseas, the militarized management style from Huawei headquarters is still not diminished. Huawei believes that only those who persist in fighting unjustly for the collective can form a united community. Therefore, Huawei advocates desire-driven, decent means, so that the formation of a group of vigorous, good management style. Huawei believes that unity and cooperation, collective struggle is the soul of Huawei. No one in Huawei has the privilege, and everyone shares the common aspiration and hardship, equality for all. Any individual interest must serve the collective interests and integrate individual efforts into the enterprise. Huawei integrated this common value, the entire enterprise burst out of the incredible combat effectiveness. So we could realize that in human resources management, only understanding cultural differences and respecting multi-culture can improve the ability of cross-cultural management. Suggestions for Huawei Cross-cultural Human Resources Management Under the multi-cultural background, the core of human resource management lies in how to integrate the scattered and isolated functions, responsibilities and activities in human resource management. By coordinating the operation of human beings and creating the competitive advantage of enterprises. In order to give play to this advantage of enterprises, Huawei can consider the following aspects in implementing cross-cultural human resources management: Firstly, Huawei should strengthen cross-cultural selection and training. Cross-cultural selection and training can enhance peoples responsiveness and adaptability to different cultural traditions, promote communication and understanding among people of different cultural backgrounds, mitigate cultural conflicts and enhance teamwork and corporate cohesion. The specific measure is that Huawei should try to select those who have the skills and qualities of a global manager. They should love the new culture, have the adventurous spirit, have strong interpersonal skills and work hard with people from different cultures to understand their opinions and attitudes. Such a global manager can adapt to the requirements of cultural integration and they also have to attend a series of trainings about the language, culture and personal occupation of so as to better adapt to the future work. Huawei should also adopt some new cross-cultural training methods, such as setting up intercultural communication programs, setting up global service projects and setting up business institutes. Secondly, based on the common understanding of culture, Huawei should establish the strong corporate culture according to the requirements of the external environment and the strategic development of the company. It helps Huawei not only to reduce cultural conflicts, so that each employee can put their thoughts and behavior with the companys business operations and objectives together, but also to make the subsidiary and the parent company closer. At the same time, it can establish a good reputation in the international market and enhance the transnational corporations ability of cultural change. Thirdly, Huawei should enhance cross-cultural communication. In order to ensure the effective implementation of effective communication in cross-cultural enterprises, Huawei must establish a culture of mutual understanding and mutual respect between management, management and employees as well as between the company and the outside. In addition, Huawei must actively establish a variety of formal and informal, effective and invisible cross-cultural communication organizations and channels, so that every employee in the enterprise have more opportunities to express their opinions. Some successful companies often organize seminars, classes and language training within the enterprise and enhance the role of managers by effectively promoting communication with people, teams and organizations through the use of media such as books, bulletin boards, websites, videos and television. As a result Huawei could improve business efficiency and maximize the effectiveness of cross-cultural human resources management. Fourthly, Huawei should enhance the localization of employees. As local managers have a deep understanding of local culture, they are easily accepted by employees and at the same time provide a promotion channel for local employees. Therefore, they have strong incentives. Local employees are familiar with the local customs, market dynamics and government regulations, hiring local employees will undoubtedly facilitate cross-cultural enterprises in the local market development and gain a firm foothold. In the development of intercultural human resources, most large multinational corporations have proposed the strategy of employees’ localization and continuously raised the proportion of senior and middle-level managers in the country. The management concept of local affairs managed by local people is being gradually realized. To some extent, the implementation of this concept can make cross-cultural enterprises eliminate cultural friction, develop their own adaptability to local culture, and its unique foreign culture affect the host countrys cultural environment, showing a companys great tolerance to multiculturalism , So Huawei could attract more outstanding employees and enhance their competitiveness. Through the above measures, the effectiveness of cross-cultural human resources management at Huawei will be greatly enhanced so that enterprises can implement effective and strategic personnel planning in a multicultural environment. Conclusions With the continuous expansion and development of Huaweis overseas subsidiaries, Huawei, as the leading telecom solution provider in the world, has faced the challenge which is cultural conflicts in the implementation of human resources management. In order to solve the conflicts caused by cultural differences, Huawei implement cross-cultural human resources management, mainly through the implementation of localization strategies, cultural compatibility strategies, cross-cultural training and common values management strategies. Huawei mainly implements localization strategy when implementing cross-cultural human resources management, including staff localization, localization management, R & D localization and localization of partners. There are more than 100 countries around the world applying their products. International markets have become the main source of Huawei’s sales. In all countries and regions, Huawei has set up hundreds of branches and dozens of research institutes. More than half of its employees are local employees, and more and more local employees have become local technical backbone. Huawei has established training centers around the world, which greatly enhance Huaweis ability to provide high-quality training in these regions. While maintaining sound management, Huawei persists in its localized operation globally and has made great contributions to its countries and regions. As well as that, Huawei has established branches in more than 100 countries around the world, investing locally, setting up sales and service offices, research and development centers, training centers, technical support centers and factories, and hiring local staff. This not only deepens Huaweis understanding of the local market, but also raises the local employment rate, enhances the technical level of local engineers and promotes the development of the local economy. In addition, Huawei regards employee training as the most basic level of cross-cultural management. Cross-cultural training for employees, including training on basic knowledge of culture, training on cultural conflicts, and training on cultural adaptability, has been conducted. In terms of value management, Huaweis corporate culture affects every employee as an invisible ideology. Huawei creates the unique wolf corporate culture and it requires employees to develop the habit of learning, to have a good learning ability and a unique sense of innovation and awareness. In summary, cross-cultural human resources management has an important impact on the survival and development of Huawei and also plays an important role in the productivity of Huawei. A successful human resources management will bring a value-added effect of 1 + 1> 2 to the enterprise, otherwise, it will have a negative impact and hinder the development of the enterprise. References Fang Lee Cooke The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2012, p.1845 Huang Weiwei Dedication the Huawei Philosophy of Human Resources Management Huawei The startup that became the largest telecom company in the world

Literature Reveiw About Ethics and Organic Food Essay

Since the last ten years, the fastest growing sector in the food industry has been the organic food. Organic food are certified by labels that ensure that they are produced without pesticides and antibiotics and that they preserve the environment with the use of renewable resources (Organic Produce Export Committee, 2002, cited Lea and Worsley, 2005). In France, the AB label ensures that at least 95% of the production is organic and compels the producers to state clearly the origin and the method of production (CSA Agence Bio, 2006). In France in 2006, 43% of the population has consumed organic product at least once a month which corresponds to an increase of 6% since 2003. The growth rate of organic consumption is about 10 percent per year since 1999. (CSA Agence Bio,2006). Abroad, the same phenomena occurs, and organic, even if it represented no more than 3% of total food consumption in Europe (Soil Association 2000, cited in Aarset et al. 2004) appears to be real trend that will growth over time. This mainstream has been strengthening by the BSE scandal and the controversy about the genetically modified food effects. Regarding this postulate, researchers and marketers began to study the organic consumer in the late 90’s. It is very important for food providers to understand why the consumers purchase this new kind of food. In our study, we chose to focus on the determination of consumers’ profiles as well as their motives to act. Most of the studies we discuss emphasized on the determination of consumers profiles in term of socio-demographic factors related to their attitudes or motivation. But we can wonder if those factors are sufficient in order to give a global understanding of the organics buyers. The research problem is here to define which factors influence the organic food consumption, and to understand their inter-relationship in a global context of food consumption. In a first part, we will try to understand the impact on culture on consumption and then the need to look at each country particularly. Then we will discuss the main factors that influence the consumers that is to say: attitudes, values and motivations (combined with socio-demographic factors). Eventually, we will present and analyse the research we decided to base our study on in order to develop the constructs and the propositions of the conceptual framework. 1Market development and cultural factors. 1. 1Culture influences the food choice. The most primary factor that gives a direction to an individual is certainly is culture or region of origin. Solomon (1991, chap 15) defines it as â€Å"a society’s personality†. It’s the sharing among a population of traditions, norms, beliefs and attitudes in one country or in one specific region. Culture is the first socio-demographic factor that would affect the decision to purchase. Socio-demographic factors (Mac Carthy and Perreault, 1990, p79-81) are the dimensions that affect the consumer act of purchase in a specific consumption context. The typical ways to segment and define consumers are presented in the exhibit 1: the socio-demographic factors. Regarding this postulate, we can assume that the behaviour will be different from a country to another. For instance, Aarset et. Al (2004) highlighted that from a country to another, organic products are not seen to be the same even if they are. Thus, they compared the meaning of â€Å"organic† and the perception of labelling system in France, Germany, Norway and UK. The study highlights the fact that these notions are unclear and clouded for the consumer and that different countries perceived them in different ways. The two tables below resume the cross-national comparison: Table 1: The definition of â€Å"organic† in the five countries (Aarset et. al, 2004): France GermanyNorwaySpainUK ?Natural ?Limited Human intervention? High welfare ?Natural ?Environmentally kind? Characterised by confusion and ambivalence ? Natural? Ecological and natural ?Non-use of pesticides ?Not environmentally damaging? freedom from artificial inputs ? limiting environment damage Table 2: The perception of the labelling system: (Aarset et. al, 2004) France GermanyNorwaySpainUK ?Easily duped ?Legislative system required at the EU level ?Aware of â€Å"Bio† label ?Trust the AB system? Spectical consumers ?Unfamiliar with labels ?Limited knowledge of regulations? Sceptical labelling as gimmick ? Limited knowledge of regulations? Labels should reflect quality ? Ignorant about current labels? Limited knowledge of regulations ?Trust government certifications? Should be free from government inputs ? Sceptical ?Unfamiliar ?Limited knowledge of regulations More specially, Beharrel and Mac Fie (1991, cited in Squires et. al, 2001) showed that the motivations and the attitudes towards organic food were country specific. People are influenced by their society and by their way of life inside. Furthermore, longitudinal studies (Douglas and Wildavsky, 1982 and Davies et al. 1995, cited in Squires et. al, 2001) show that behaviour evolves over time. In this way in the first study Irish consumers ranked environmental concerns at the top and four years later, the same concern was equally cited by consumers with health concern (Squires et al. 2001). 1. 2The level of development of the country market influences organic food choice 1. 2. 1A cross- national study of Danish and New-Zealand organic consumers. A cross-national study made by Squires et. al (2001) compares the behaviour of Danish and New-Zealand organic consumer regarding the level of organic food market development. Denmark is considered to be a mature market where organic food products are well implemented and New-Zealand is seen as a novice one. Lampkin (1992, cited in Squires et al. 2001) established that in a mature market, environment is the most important motive to consume organic products. The range, the prices and the availability will also have an impact on sales. The study about Danes and New Zealanders confirms these findings. Thus, New-Zealanders who are health focused, tend to be more heavy consumers of organic food, while for Danes the same motivation appear to be not significant. Environmentally friendly and green consumers are more likely to be heavy consumers of organic food products in Denmark. Finally, the research paper highlights that the macro-environment has an impact. For instance, Danish health and care system is well developed so we can assume that they don’t seek at first to protect their bodies but that they are more focus on environmental concern as Denmark is one of the most â€Å"green country†. Squires et al. (2001) advocates that study should take into account the macro-environment of countries studies as well as the market development concerning the organic food market. The stage of development of the industry in the life-cycle is also a predictor of moderators of organic consumption. These factors should be considered when hypotheses and propositions are made about one specific country and its organic food consumption trends. 1. 2. 2The moderators of consumption depend on the market development Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005) investigated the two major barriers of organic food consumption: the price and the availability of products (Tregear et al, 1994; Magnusson et al. 2001, cited in Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005). The price is a barrier when the product has no special added value for the buyer (Roddy et al. 1996, cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002). Generally, the willingness to pay differs from the range of products, for instance 52% of German accept to pay more for fresh products and 34% for animal products like meat ( Meier-Ploeger and Woodward, 1999, cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002). A priori, these moderators would have an impact everywhere and would have an influence in the country studied, Finland (Tarkiainen and Sundqvist, 2005). Actually, the hypotheses that the price and availability of products were both rejected by the study. Indeed, the range of products analysed (breads) were not price premium compared to conventional bread. Furthermore, it appears that there is no availability issue and no short supply in Finland as the market is well implemented in this country. If we look at the same factors in Spain, (Sanjuan et al. 2003), it showed that in Spain, the price has a strong impact on the consumption of organic food. Thus, the willingness to pay was below the actual difference between organic and conventional products. It also stated that the willingness to pay was different among different range of products, for example, Spanish are more ready to buy at a price premium if they are considering fresh products. In the same way, a Greek survey (Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002) about purchasing motives and organic food illustrated that the availability of products was the main barriers as the choice and the number of retailers are very limited. As Conclusion, we can state that culture as well as market development are important factors when considering the consumption of organic food. As far as the situation is different country by country, it is interesting to study behaviours in specific situation. Culture and market development are not the only determinants that will influence the behaviour regarding organic products. Socio-demographic factors will also influence the decision making process of organic consumer. These factors can be combined with values, attitudes and/or motivations in order to design different consumer profiles. We the next parts, we will discuss the impact of these determinants in the organic food consumption. 2The attitudes that influence consumer 2. 1Attitudes and the Theory of Planned Behaviour 2. 1. 1Attitudes Attitudes are different from values because they concern objects like a behaviour, a person, an idea or a thing. Attitudes are the expression of the thinking in a precise situation. Attitudes are judged through our values. (Antonides and Raajj, 1998, p. 138). The attitude is central to the model of â€Å"values-attitudes-behaviour† where â€Å"the influence should theoreotically flow from abstract values to mid-range attitudes to specific behaviour† (Homer and Kahle, 1988; cited in Soyoen and Eastlick, 1998). As we will see next, attitudes are central in the context of ethical choices. 2. 1. 2The Theory of Planned Behaviour and consumers ethics 2. 1. 2. 1The presentation of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The theory of reasoned action (TRA), developed Ajzen and Fishbein in 1980, is a value-attitude-behavior’s framework where the objective is to understand which factors would influence the consumer in an ethical context. The model is based on the fact that behaviour is a direct function of Intention where intention is built in function of attitude and subjective norm. Intention to purchase are considering to be good determinant of the behaviour (Honkanen et al. 2006). Furthermore it concerns a rational decision making process where an individual has control. The attitude is made by the sum of individuals’ beliefs and the evaluation of those beliefs. In the same way, the subjective norm is the sum of two elements: -â€Å"individuals beliefs that important to other think they should or not should perform the behaviour question† -â€Å"The motivation to comply with other†. In 1985, Adjzen added a new variable, the perceived behavioural control. This theory is widespread supported by researchers (Ajzen, 1991), but it is stated that additional predictors could be included in the model if there are significant to forecast consumer behaviour. Figure 2 : The theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) 2. 1. 2. 2The relationship between TPB and food choice behaviour. In 1994, Thompson et. al (1998)analyzed the food behaviour with the TPB model in the context of growing consumption of olive oil in United Kingdom. The constructs of perceived behaviour control was removed because Spark et al. (1995, cited in Thompson et. al, 1994) stated that the olive oil usage was not â€Å"significantly impeded†. In this case of olive oil, the model was significant and confirmed that TPB is well adapted to food consumption (Saegert and Young,1983 ; Towler and Shepherd, 1992 : cited in Thompson et. al, 1994). Additionally, the study showed that attitudes is a powerful predictor and explain the major part of the behaviour. It emphasizes that olive consumption is mainly due to the willingness to improve the taste of salad. Furthermore, the subjective norms play a minor role in the model, and reveals to be not significant. This fact is due the low involvement of consumers in the act of eating or drinking. The consumption of organic food is more involved act as it reflects the life-style and the values of an individual. In the next study, we will see that subjective norm plays a key role when it’s integrated in the model as antecedents of attitudes. 2. 2The TPB in the context of organic food consumption 2. 2. 1The importance of subjective norms as antecedents of values. The research conducted by Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005) looks at the subjective norms and attitudes that influence the organic food consumption in Finland. As we emphasized previously, the perceived control behaviour as â€Å"price† and availability were found not significant. The most important finding of this study is the integration in the model of subjective norms as an antecedent of attitudes. As we said before, the subjective norms were often viewed as non significant because of the low-involvement in the food and drink consumption. However, Chang (1998), Sherphed and O’Keefe (1984), Shimp and Kavas (1984) and Vallerland et al. (1992) (cited in Tarkiainen and Sundqvist 2005) demonstrated that subjective norms were significant when the decision is related to an ethical context and when there are placed as antecedents of attitudes. The result of the study illustrated the importance of the behaviour in relation with others thinking. Furthermore, the specific attitude took into account in the study that is to say the health consciousness, is not sufficient in order to explain attitudes. The authors advise that further studies should look at several motives/beliefs to explain attitudes as environment concern. The next study we will discuss considers more variables in the model of TPB. 2. 2. 2The multivariate modelling approach of ethical consumer choice. Using the theory of planned behaviour, Shaw and Shiu (2003) explored the important factors that occur in the context of organic food shopping. They proposed a study based on self-interest factors. In this way, they added two constructs in the primary theory: the self-identity and ethical obligation. Ethical obligation refers to ethical beliefs that would represent a person’s beliefs of what is good or bad. Self-identity can be defined as â€Å"the pertinent part of an individual’s self that relates to a particular behaviour† (Shaw and Shiu, 2002). As Shaw and Shiu stated in 2000, these construct have an impact on the consumer behaviour in an ethical context and have been neglected before. Figure 3: Modified theory of Planned behaviour (Shaw and Shiu, 2003) This model was validated through a structural equation modelling in order to predict the behaviour of organic consumer. The study explains 52% percent of the actions of them. The theory of planned behaviour gives the opportunity to have more insight that a classical socio-demographic analysis which usually defines the consumer profile (Shaw and Shiu, 2003). However some factors remain unexplained (48%) and authors proposed to look at values that would influence the behaviour in order to understand which ones are underlying the self-identity and ethical obligation. In another hand, the study emphasized that information and emotions are very important in the ethical decision making (Shaw and Clark, 1999, cited in Shaw and Shiu, 2003). In the next step, we will focus on the values that influence the consumer decision process in the context of organic food shopping. 3The relationship between Values and organic consumption 3. 1Presentation and meaning of values The concept of values is defined as what is behind attitudes and behaviour of an individual in the context of organisation, institutions and society (M. Rockeach, 1973). Personal values are known to explain consumers’ behaviour in very broad situations (Rockeach, 1973). Personal values are defined by Schwartz and Bilsky (1987, cited in Steenhaut, 2006) as â€Å"concept or beliefs about desirable end states or behaviours that transcend specific situations, guide selection or evaluation of behaviour and events, and are ordered by relative importance†. Milton Rockeach (1973) developed a wide range of values which are divided into two categories: the instrumental and the terminal one. The 36 kinds of different values are presented in the exhibit 2: Instrumental and terminal values defined by M. Rockeach (1973, chap 3). Based on the work of M. Rockeach, Schwartz (1992, cited in Schwartz 2001) developed ten groups of values within a circular structure where the set of values is linked to each other. These ten groups of values are (Schwartz, 2001): -Self-direction -Stimulation -Achievement -Hedonism -Security -Benevolence -Universalism. -Conformity -Power -Tradition For the detailed meaning of each value, please refer to the exhibit 3: Definitions of type of values and items that represent and measure them (Schwartz, 2001). According to Schwartz (2001), values can be antagonist or congruent to each other. The circular pattern above shows the relationship between the ten groups. If two values are near, they tend to be congruent and if they are at the opposite, they are in conflict. Two axes resume the scheme: â€Å"Self-enhancement versus self transcendence opposes power and achievement to universalism and benevolence values. Openness to change to versus conservatism opposes the self-direction and stimulation values to security and conformity. † (Schwartz, 2001) Figure 4: The relationship among 10 motivational types of values. 3. 2Exploring the organic food consumption towards the Schwartz Value Survey In the aftermath of the result of the Theory of Planned Behaviour applied to organic food consumers, authors (Shaw et al. , 2005) investigated the pertinence of personal values in the same context. They used the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) explained above. The result of the study can be summarizes in the following table: Table 3: Values that are important in an ethical point of view (from Shaw et al. 2005) Groups of ValuesSpecific items related to an ethical issues AchievementInfluential: people are drive by ethical obligation and want to influence others. SecurityHealthy: people want to eat and drink something that would protect or at least not harm themselves BenevolenceHelpful: want to have information for staff Honest: relationship based on trust UniversalismEquality and social justice: protection and welfare of all people Protecting the environment: preserving the nature. In addition to the SVS, authors defined three values that were important for choosing organic food: the capitalism as a negative one, consumer power and the animal welfare as positive one. In conclusion, values are not all meaningful and were inappropriate to study the ethical consumer. The most important finding is that the universalism values are the most relevant one in this specific context. A second study investigates the personal values combined with the Hunt-Vitell scheme as we will see now. 3. 3Relationship between personal values, ethical ideology and ethical beliefs. The Hunt-Vitell theory examines the judgment and the evaluation of an ethical problem of an individual. In this review of consumer ethics, Vitell (2003) emphasized that two major factors influence the evaluation of consumers: the idealism and the relativism. After a presentation about the model that will be used, we will discuss the purpose of the research paper. 3. 3. 1Hunt-Vitell theory of ethics Hunt and Vitell (1986) developed a model that’s studying the decision making process of an individual when (s)he is facing an ethical issue. When a person is in front an issue, (s)he has alternatives that he can chose. These â€Å"perceived alternatives† are evaluated thanks to two ways of analysis: the deontological and the teleological point of view. The deontological evaluation concentrates on the evaluation of the behaviour itself and compares the evaluation of alternatives in term of wrongness or rightness. This is directly related to personal norms and beliefs that a person develops. The teleological evaluation focuses on the consequences of the alternatives, and wants to state if it’s good or bad to take one decision. It contains four major constructs: -â€Å"the perceived consequences of each alternatives for various stakeholders, -The probability that each consequence will occur to each stakeholder, -The desirability or lack of desirability of each consequence, -The importance of each stakeholder group† (Hunt and Vitell, 1986, p. 9). These predictors sum up together, build the ethical judgment of an individual which is turned into intention to behave and into behaviour. Finally, we also have a predictor called â€Å"Situational Constraints† which is related to the macro-environment that could impact the behaviour (eg.opportunity). The concept established that four areas will impacted the perceived ethical issue, alternatives and consequences: -The cultural environment -The personal characteristics -The industry environment -The organizational environment. As we can see Hunt and Vitell theory is a global concept that occurs in businesses related situation, however if we remove the constructs related to a professional situation, this model is valid to study the consumer behaviour (Scott J. Vitell, 2003). Figure 1: the Hunt and Vitell theory without professional situational predictors (Hunt and Vitell, 1986). 3. 3. 2Findings about the relationship between personal values, ethical beliefs and ethical ideology The purpose of the research done by Steenhaut and Kenhove (2006) was to examine the influence and the impact of individual personal values priorities in the ethical judgment. To do so, they used the Hunt-Vitell theory combined with the Schwartz Value Survey (Schwartz, 1994, cited in Steenhaut and Kenhove, 2006). To measure the ethical beliefs, they use the Consumer Ethics Scale developed and validated by Vitell and Muncy (1992, cited in Vitell 2003). This scale looked at the reactions of consumers in front of ethical questionable actions (e. g. the reaction facing a passive benefit at the expense of others). The study found that idealism was determinant: more a consumer is attached to tradition, security and conformity; the more likely he is to act ethically. Furthermore, more a consumer is attached to universalism and benevolence (self-transcendent), the more is likely to act ethically. ? Two major types of values are important in an ethical context. The universalism and benevolence (self-transcendent) are the most important values in the context of organic food shopping. These findings can’t explain a lot of the behaviour (no more than 10% in Shaw et al. 2006), so we propose that more specific values related to food choices and ethical behaviour have to be studied. ?These findings give the opportunity to marketer to stress their communication actions on values that care for organic consumers. However, personal values are only an indirect linked to the consumer behaviour, and it is noticed in the both studies (Shaw et al. 2006 and Steenhaut and Kenhove, 2006) illustrated that personal values are not enough to predict ethical decision making process especially in the context of organic shopping. Even if self-transcendent values need to be studied in the case of organic food consumption, it’s just a set of explanation. These values are to general and are shared by people in a culture (Honkanen et al. 2006) so it appears that different ways to investigate the relationship between values and organic food consumption should be discussed. In the next part, we will investigate countrywide surveys that have explored the organic consumers. They take into account more variables like socio-demographic factors, beliefs and motives regarding organic consumption. 4Analyzing the organic consumers through their motivation and their socio-demographic factors 4. 1What are the main motivations towards organic consumption? 4. 1. 1The health motives Most of the researches done on organic consumers’ state that the most important factor that influences the decision to purchase is the health (Fagerli and Wandel 1999, Rozin et al. 1999, cited in Magnusson et al. 2003). Even if there are no clear evidence that organic food consumption is healthier than the conventional one, this factor is generally ranked at the top. 4. 1. 2The environmentally friendly consumers/ Concern for the environment is the other one most important motive to purchase organic products. In this case, people want to act in order to protect the environment, the nature and more generally the â€Å"eco-system†. These consumers also care about the pollution, the usage of non renewable resources and species preservations. (McEachern and McClean,2002). The animal welfare is also a motivation for environmentally friendly consumers. 4. 1. 3The food safety One of the reasons for seeking food safety (Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002) is related to recent food scandal like the BSE crisis in UK and all over Europe. People are looking for better quality and safety in order to protect themselves and that include organic products. Furthermore, the genetically modified food appears to be risky for a range of consumers , they would have positive thinking about organics compared to negative thoughts about GM (Rimal et al. 2005). 4. 1. 4The taste of the product Consumers often see organic products as more tasty compared to the conventional one because they are made in smaller quantities and wider varieties (Davis et al. 1995, cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002). Taste’s rating is high in country like UK and Germany (Meier-Ploeger and Woodward, 1999 cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002). It seems that it is one of the top five factors of motivation for buying. Nevertheless it appears that there is no scientific evidence of the higher taste of organics and it seems that the beliefs of the consumers are divergent from the reality (Hutchins and Greenhalg, 1997, cited in Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002) 4. 1. 5The confidence on food industry The study of Squires et al. (2001) showed that less an individual is confident in the conventional food industry, the more likely he is to purchase organic food. That seems logical as if a consumer is scared about conventional food, we will seek for other alternatives including organics. As we stated that there are differences between consumer profiles and habits according to the country of origin and it would be interesting to emphasize these divergences. In the next part, consumers are studied according to their purchase behaviour (intensity) thanks to the combination of motivations with socio-demographics factors. In this way, we will discuss the behaviour on several countries and try to analyse if these factors are suuficient to well understand organic consumers. 4. 2The consumers’ profiles by countries 4. 2. 1. 1? in France According to the barometer made by CSA Agence Bio in 2006, 4 out 10 people consume organic products at least once a month and that 7% consume it every week. The motives of French consumers have evolved over time and are: -The protection of the environment -The health concern -The food safety -The taste and the quality. Furthermore, the availability of the products is seen as a moderator for 19% of the population. The willingness to pay more is well accepted as consumers think that is normal to pay more for higher quality standard products like organics. The products that are the more consumed are fresh, diary, and meat items. In this study, we don’t have any information about the socio-demographic profiles about consumers as well as their values. 4. 2. 1. 2? in Australia The research of Lea and Worsley (2005) scrutinize the relationship between personal values, beliefs and socio-demographics factors in order to understand the organic consumers in Australia. They use a 12 items scale about beliefs and organic food, a 14 items scale about the self-transcendence personal values adapted from Schwartz Value Survey and a 13 items scale (age, sex, income and education) to perform their questionnaire. The results are summarized in the following table: ValuesBeliefs and MotivesModeratorsDemo. Profile The values are positively related to organic purchases. They explain only 8% of the variance in the study-Health -Taste -environmentThe expense and the availability are the major moderators as expected. 50% mistrust the organic labelling systemMore women compare to men a likely to purchase. The other factors were not significant. The profile which is more likely to purchase is a female who strongly care about nature and equality. The study suggest that not only socio-demographic and personal values factors influence the decision to purchase and that future research should look the perceived consequences of the act of buying and other concrete attribute like taste or colour. 4. 2. 1. 3? in New-Zealand The purpose of the study developed by Squires et al. (2001) was to investigate the cross-influences of the health, environmentally concerns, and the confidence in conventional food in the consumption in New-Zealand and in Denmark. The findings about the New-Zealanders are shown in the following table: Beliefs and MotivesGeneral ProfileDemo. Profile -Health -Environment -Less trust in conventional in food ind. ? + towards organics. Personal eco-identity profile: worried person about the mankind and about environmental disaster would buy more. More female, older people and more rural and suburbs consumers consume organic products. 4. 2. 1. 4? in Denmark According to the same study (Squires et al. 2001), Danes’ profile of organic consumers are: Beliefs and MotivesGeneral ProfileDemo. Profile -Environment -Health -Mistrust in conventional in food ind. ? + towards organics. Green Self-perception profile: care about the environment and its protection at first. More female, older people and live in cities. The authors advise for further research to look at more motivation factors in order to give more insights about the organic consumers. 4. 2. 1. 5? in Sweden The research made in Sweden by Magnusson et al. (2003) deals only with the two main factors that influence the organic decision to purchase, the human health and the environment and their consequences on the consumer. They design a study based on four organic types of product with two different scales: -Questions about the frequency, attitudes, availability and beliefs about organic products. -Questions about the 17 possible consequences of buying organic food in general. They find out that the consequences of the act of buying are strongly related to environment and health well-being. The Swedish are motivated by health concern in the intention and frequency to purchase and young female tend to be the most likely to consume organic product. They also state that the environmental concern is an altruistic motive and that the health concern is more an egoistic motive (I want the well-being for my relatives and me at first). Swedish who have a strong green behaviour regarding recycling for instance, have more self-centred motives for buying organic food. It can be explain by the fact that recycling or green behaviour require less involvement are easier to do everyday.? This study emphasizes the need to analyse the organic consumer in a wider way with the inclusion of his/her behaviour regarding other â€Å"green† or â€Å"ethic† activities. With the inclusion of these variables, research would have the capacity to state if other green behaviours are related or have an impact on the consumption of organics. 4. 2. 1. 6? in Greece The Greek market is a novice one regarding the consumption of organic products, and Fotopoulos and Krystallis (2002) want give information about consumers in the country and investigate ways to cluster different consumers according to their behavio.