Waleed Allohaibi Essays (946 words) - Architecture,

Waleed Allohaibi 11 May 2017 Old style Greek Architectures versus Medieval Gothic Architectures Taking a gander at the plan of various structures all through the world, one may not understand the excellence of the craftsmanship in every one of them or the goals on which they were built. For instance the old style Greek time, 480 BCE - 330 BCE that held the beliefs of request, parity, and God like flawlessness. This kind of visionary engineering is found in the Parthenon sanctuary worked in 447-432 BCE (Ancient-Greece.org). The sanctuary is worked in tribute for the Goddess Athena, Goddess of war and knowledge. It is a post and lintel structure with segments molded in Greek Doric style. There are likewise the delightful houses of God worked during the Middle Ages in gothic style that give society understanding into the way of life of that age. The engineering of these occasions were vigorously affected by religion and Christianity and intended to hoist the soul of man toward God (Apollo Group, Inc., 2016). One case of this time is the building configuration is the Amiens Cathedr al. Initially implicit 1152 BCE yet was demolished by fire; remaking began in 1220 CE and was finished in 1245 CE (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 2016). In the plan of this house of God it is apparent that the engineer is impacted by the Christian religion, from the three entrances speaking to the trinity and the center passage enhanced with a sculpture of Christ, it was worked as a position of love. These surprising structures, each a bit of workmanship, are both worked with divine goals, remain as a conspicuous difference to one another, impacted by the way of life of the age. Albeit both exemplary Greek and gothic structures are worked to characterize the standards and convictions of their age and have contrasts, the great Greek engineering of request and parity has impacted and are utilized inside the gothic medieval developments. There are contrasts between the formal and expressive qualities of the great Greek engineering and the gothic desi gn of the medieval age. Exemplary Greek engineering is made of stone laying on stone with only weight holding them together. This is best exemplified in Greek sanctuaries, for example, the Parthenon. The Parthenon is a post and lintel structure, worked of limestone and marble, which were the basic structure materials of that age (Sporre, 2015). Utilizing these kinds of materials constrained the designer's utilization of room. All together for the structure to remain without the rooftop falling numerous sections were expected to hold the rooftop up. These sections, known as Doric segments due to their style, were made of marble and the weight of the stone rooftop laying on them held them together. The Parthenon was with numerous delightful states, from the metopes that are a progression of cut boards framing the Doric frieze recounting accounts of the history and skirmishes of the Gods, to the transcending sculpture of the Goddess Athena for which it was constructed. The Parthenon an d other Greek sanctuaries were intended to be venerated from the outside as a focal point of the city, a landmark to the Gods of that age. Gothic engineering, in contrast to exemplary Greek, utilized stone brick work. By utilizing stone brick work they had the option to make curves and redistributed the weight of the stones empowering the structures to be fabricated taller. They likewise made what is known as a brace and utilized this to hold up dividers and curves as support. Gothic engineering was viewed as ethereal and concentrated on the utilization of room (Sporre, 2015). A wonderful case of gothic engineering was the Amiens Cathedral. Transcending into the sky, with solid curves, balanced lines, and elaborate workmanship, this house of prayer was a show piece for the city in which it was fabricated and oozed otherworldliness. These houses of God were intended to motivate one to look toward the sky with incredibly high roofs and fancy stain glass window put deliberately toward the rooftop makes one look upward. Like exemplary Greek sanctuary, they were enhanced with excellent sculptures. Be that as it may, the states were of the Christian Saints, and different strict imagery. The Amiens Cathedral was implied as spot to enter and revere, just like all house of God of the medieval time. Despite the fact that there are contrasts between these two styles of design,

Easter Wings Essay -- essays research papers

The sonnet "Easter Wings" by George Herbert is a sonnet full of profound symbolism in its words as well as in the visual structure of the verses. In Herbert’s sonnet for what reason does he use a shape sonnet? Since he needed this sonnet to have numerous various levels and implications. Herbert additionally utilized enormous measures of mental symbolism with the goal that the peruser can discover new certainties and implications each time the individual in question understands it. The sonnet recounts the writers want to fly with Christ because of Jesus' penance, demise and restoration. The contention with regards to the appropriate introduction of this sonnet is effectively clarified with the help of the artist's location to the "Lord" in the initial line of the principal page in the first content. Since this sonnet is all things considered a work inside a work with many shrouded implications what's more, recommendations. To completely comprehend it every one of the, one must analyze the sonnet in general in more prominent detail. The artist is the clear speaker in the sonnet because of the normal utilization of "I" also, "me" all through the sonnet. The crowd is moreover uncovered in the main line of the 1634 release of the sonnet with the utilization of the word "Lord"; which means the Christian Savior, Jesus Christ who became alive once again. In any case, there is question with respect to where the sonnet really starts. This is because of the parting of the sonnet onto two separate pages, and afterward turned ninety degrees so it must be perused sideways. This is done on reason to summon the vision of wings on the two pages. This actuality must be viewed as while assessing where it starts and regardless of whether it is in truth two sonnets rather than one bigger one. "Lord, who createth man in riches and store" is the start of this sonnet, serving to promptly set up the crowd in the principal word. Also, this reality help to uncover that this sonnet is likewise a supplication of Herbert’s. The fitting design of the sonnet is as yet the "winged" look fundamental for the full effect of the symbolism. It is the symbolism in this sonnet merits exceptional notification as it gives an a lot further comprehension of what Herbert is stating. The principal refrain shows the fall of man from the "wealth" that is in God's heavenliness into the "decaying" life of a corrupt sort: "Lord, who createst man in riches and store, Despite the fact that stupidly he lost the equivalent, Rotting to an ever increasing extent Till he became Most poor:" As the ... .... Besides, this physical demonstration of turning requires a choice. Since, scripturally, God doesn't enter except if welcomed, our demonstration of turning the book mirrors our opportunity of decision and God's reaction is started. that how man's decrease in light of wrongdoing was crushed by the activities of the cross. So the purpose of Herbert’s work "Easter Wings" May not really be realistic just with one perusing, or for that case numerous readings. Be that as it may, Herbert did give us that utilizing shape and symbolism all through his sonnet that a wide range of implications and focuses can be made inside one sonnet. He likewise helped us to comprehend what he saw as good and bad, he utilized symbolism all through his sonnet to give us a sense into his life and his worth framework. In doing as such he gave the perusers of his sonnets an opportunity to discover the entirety of the facts and implications in his sonnet. Ultimately in Herbert’s sonnet he needs us to be appreciative of the blessing that God has given to us, by permitting his lone child to bite the dust for the salvation of our sins to make us washed clean with beauty, it is this activity which permits the entirety of humanity, and not only Herbert, to be joined into Jesus' wing to "further the flight" in every one of us.

Essay Topics For Lord of the Flies

Essay Topics For Lord of the FliesFor a student in the Lord of the class, essay topics should include both fun and accurate information. Although the book is not all serious; there are many situations that might occur. Therefore, there is a need to have facts that are fact based and facts that the author will be capable of explaining in an effective manner.When writing an essay for Lord of the Flies, students should use one sentence to describe each of the scenes that occur in the book. This will help them determine which events actually happened. An example would be; if a character starts talking about the well at the end of chapter one, then they should list the events that occurred at the well. Students should also write an outline for each chapter.The essay should also include several parts. For example, the first paragraph should be the introduction of the essay. It should also include a reason why the student should give this particular essay topic. The introduction should help to outline what the essay is about.The second part of the essay should explain what it is about. The main goal of the essay should be to answer the question on why the reader should read the essay. The conclusion should also provide a reason as to why the reader should continue reading the essay. The last paragraph can provide more information for the reader.The essay should also include different types of examples that a student can use. The reasons as to why the examples are used should be explained as well. Using such examples will help a student understand the topic better.Essay topics for Lord of the Flies will help a student to build their skills in writing an essay. They will also use an outline that can be utilized throughout the whole essay. Writing skills can be developed through these lessons.Students should take their time when writing an essay. It should be a project that they have made after thinking of ways to write an essay that would be relevant to the essay topic. The topic should be something that the student enjoys writing about.After writing an essay, students should get feedback from their teacher or other students. If a student feels that the essay is not accurate, they should revise it. The student may have to rewrite the essay several times until it is accurate. The main goal is to make a meaningful essay with the correct topic.

A Darwinian Reading of Great Expectations - 700 Words

A Darwinian Reading of Great Expectations Goldie Morgentaler, assistant professor of English at the University of Lethbridge, compares Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations with Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species, suggesting that a Darwinian influence can be found within its text. Morgentaler argues her point using the time the two books were written and the sudden disregard of heredity as a formative influence of human identity in Dickens’s writing. Morgentaler’s arguments are somewhat weak in evidence but I agree that it probably isn’t a coincidence that Dickens’s writing on this subject matter changed around the same time as Darwin’s book was published. I will engage some of the points that I thought were strongest in favor†¦show more content†¦With it being â€Å"in everybody’s hands† there is little doubt that Dickens had not heard about or even talked with others about this very controversial topic an d book. Another piece of strong evidence was in Dickens’s journal, All the Year Round, where there were anonymous pieces published with Darwinian themes. Another strong piece of evidence was that a copy of Darwin’s book was found in Dickens’s library after his death (709). While all of this may be coincidence and circumstantial, Morgentaler did give stronger textual evidence for her argument. There are concepts that have broad evolutionary implications that Morgentaler says gives Great Expectations reasons for having a Darwinian reading. Morgentaler says, â€Å"†¦The idea of the primitive or low and its relationship to ‘civilized’ society; the idea of adaptation, of what is fit and not fit; and, finally, the conception of time as moving in one direction only—into the future—rather than being a reanimation of the past† (712). In the case of Pip and Magwitch money has replaced hereditary DNA. According to Morgentaler, à ¢â‚¬Å"In this father-son relationship, money substitutes for semen as the stuff out of which life is created† (712). It was not hereditary that made Pip a gentleman, but a convict with money. The same can be said of Estella and Miss Havisham—Estella became what her adopted mother trained her to be. It has turnedShow MoreRelated Darwinism in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Essay examples1550 Words   |  7 Pages Few people argue that Great Expectations, one of Dickens’s later novels, is a Darwinian work. Goldie Morgentaler, in her essay â€Å"Meditating on the Low: A Darwinian Reading of Great Expectations,† is one of those few. She argues primarily that Darwin’s Origin of the Species was a major topic of discussion in Dickens’s circle at the time he wrote Great Expectations, and that Great Expectations â€Å"marks the first time that Dickens jettisons heredity as a determining factor in the formation of the self†Read MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 PagesTHE VICTORIAN NOVEL SPIS TREÃ…Å¡CI INTRODUCTION 1 I THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL 2 II KEY AUTHORS 3 III KEY TEXTS 3 IV TOPICS 3 INTRODUCTION Many associate the word â€Å"Victorian† with images of over-dressed ladies and snooty gentlemen gathered in reading rooms. The idea of â€Å"manners† does sum up the social climate of middle-class England in the nineteenth century. However, if there is one transcending aspect to Victorian England life and society, that aspect is change. Nearly every institution of societyRead MoreDr. Andrew Saul : Effective For Combating Symptoms Of Depression Essay3298 Words   |  14 Pagesin preventing depression. Either running, biking, swimming, or other aerobic type exercises 30 minutes daily can boost your mental well being like nothing other. Personally, I used to run for years first thing in the morning, and there s something great about getting out first thing, hearing the birds and churning the cobwebs out of the brain. I found it set up a positive attitude so well, I didn t want to go without it. The affect of that alone kept me motivated to keep running first thing in the Read MoreStrategic Management and Michael Porter: a Postmodern Reading7507 Words   |  31 PagesManagement and Michael Porter: a postmodern reading by: Toby Harfield It is an important and popular fact that things are not always what they seem. Hitchhikers’s Guide to the Galaxy Douglas Adams Introduction This article is located within a postmodern sensibility of exploration and play (Bauman 1992; Rorty 1989). 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The potential influence of the performance evaluation system Fred’s Lack of Motivation: Reading through the Fred Maiorino’s case, it is very much clear that the main key issue for this case was lack of motivation. The way Fred’s new boss Jim Reed motivated Fred to get going on his job wasn’t a very good way. Reed failed to understand that motivatingRead MoreEthnic Reproduction and the Amniotic Deep: Joy Kogawas Obasan13316 Words   |  54 PagesPolygyny in Nevada, USA, is alive and well! ââ€"  According to Duck (1999), the choice to marry is voluntary, presumably. But once the marriage is a few years old, it’s much less voluntary than it was, since getting out of it is accompanied by a great deal of ‘social and legal baggage’: Thus when we talk about ‘voluntary relationships’, we need to recognize not only that the exercise of apparently free choice is always tempered by the social realities and constraints that surround 429 Read MoreMasculinity in Chuck Palahniuks Work7062 Words   |  29 Pagesmasculinity has evolved into a less macho and heroic version of the historical past. Mendieta continues his essay focussing a blame for masculine confusion on the softening effects of the docile modern workplace as well as advertising and the absence of ‘a great war‘, using the fight club as a cure for this frustration. However, I believe that this analysis is just as one-layered and as an ill-informed .com purchasing site review. 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Support: Other than small business resources online, in print or sponsored by the various government and trade organizations, there isnt much in the way of support for the independent retailer. 2. Existing

Example Answers On HRM - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2836 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The collapse of 2008 caused unemployment for many people in major countries of the world. The affected nations tried a lot to combat effects of slowdown in economy. We can easily conclude that the unemployment rate and the growth rate of a country are closely related and are inversely proportional. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example Answers On HRM" essay for you Create order During the slowdown when the growth rate of various economies decreased the unemployment rate increased and now when the economies are recovering then the unemployment rate is decreasing (Roberts, 1997). During the economic crisis 2007-2008 the GDP growth rate of major economies decreased. For United States of America it decreased from 2.9% in 2008 to -6.8% in 2009, United Kingdom from 0.3% in 2008 to -2% in 2009, China from 11.2% in 2008 to 6.8% in 2009 and India from 9.7% in 2009 to 6.1% in 2010. The unemployment rate increased from 5.00% in 2008 to 7.70% in 2009 for United States of America, from 5.20% in 2008 to 6.60% in 2009 for United Kingdom, from 4.00% in 2008 to 4.30% in 2009 for China and from 7.8% in 2008 to 8.8% in 2009 for India (Rachel Potter,, 2001). The GDP growth rate of major economies has improved over a year. For United States of America it has increased from -6.8% in 2009 to 2.5% in 2010, United Kingdom from -2% in 2009 to 0.8% in 2010, China from 6.8% in 2 009 to 9.6% in 2010 and India from 6.1% in 2009 to 8.8% in 2010. The unemployment rate decreased from 7.70% in 2009 to 7.60% in 2010 for United States of America, from 6.60% in 2009 to 6.30% in 2010 for United Kingdom, from 4.30% in 2009 to 4.20% in 2010 for China and from 8.80% in 2009 to 8.00% in 2010 for India (Pescha, 2001). It is clear from above that there is a very high correlation between GDP growth rate and unemployment. Also, after the setback to economy in 2007 the economy across the world has shown the sign of recovery which is also reflected in the employment trend across these countries (Armstrong.M 2003). Especially companies of Information Technology (IT) sector considering their good quarter results are back on hiring front. Indian major IT companies i.e. Infosys, TCS and Wipro have set a large target for hiring. Infosys declared that it add 30,000 new employees in 2010. According to NASSCOM Indian IT sector will add 90,000 employees in 2010 and overall hiring fo r this sector is expected to be 1,50,000 in 2011. Labour intensive sector has also shown improvements and has registered a 1.2% growth in the number of employees being hired over a year. Real State sector has also gain the pace and with gradual increase in demand of houses the sector has registered growth especially in developing countries (Aswathappa.K 2005). This has also resulted in the increased demand of labour as the companies like DLF and Sahara are coming up with various projects. The Common Wealth Games and now Asian games also generated a lot of demand of workers. Thus couple with economic growth these sectors have provided employment opportunity for low income group thus contributing to the growth in employment rate of the country. The general trend in hiring is that the companies are optimistic about the future and are taking the opportunity created by slowdown of hiring talents at cheaper rate and replacing low performance workers (Weil, 2003). Also they plan to prov ide greater flexibility in work arrangements like compressed work weeks, shared work, sabbaticals, alternate schedules etc. Rehiring of Laid-Off-Workers has also increased with 29% of companies to hire back the earlier laid of employees increasing the ratio of these employees to 9% from 5%. The percentage of hired or contract worker are also estimated to increase to 18%. Thus all this figures indicates the future trend in recruitment of employees (Dale, 2004). From the above analysis two things are very clear. First, recruitment plan of a company depends upon the economic condition of a country. The better the economy the higher the employment rate is. Second, the future aspect of the recruitment and hiring seems to be positive in view of the expected growth in the economy. However, the unemployment rate is still high in most of the countries and the gap between men and women employees in developing nations has increased in past three years according to International Labour Offic e. A lot of effort has to be made by government in order to bring the unemployment percentage down and reduce the gap in men and women. 2.0 E-Learning and its role in Human Resource Development: E-Learning can be defined as providing training, books, journals or any other material that will help the person to enhance his or her knowledge base with the help of computer base applications usually with internet as the major source of catalyst in the process. It is very important for an employee to continuously update himself with the current trends in the market and with the new technologies and methods being practiced so that he remains competitive and in turn increase his efficiency (Rosenberg, 2001). Also organization look upon the employees who have a good work experience and knowledge of the industry to take up more responsibility and thus contribute to the organization instead of hiring a new employee for the same position as the previous person is well known in the organisation and can be trusted more than the latter one. However, if the employee is not having sufficient skills then it would be difficult for him to justify with the new responsibility. Thus, it is the responsibility of the human resource department to identify potential leaders and train them so as to enhance their skills. Thus, learning is of great importance to any organization. Also, it is very difficult to provide library facility by each and every company at each and every branch and offices. The options are contract based trainings but often the training courses designed by the external party are very costly and lacked the direction required by the company and hence are not as per company and individual requirement. E-Learning comes as a cheap and convenient solution to the above problem for many companies who cannot afford to manage libraries and are struggling with properly training facilities. Most of the IT companies for example Cognizant Technology Solutions, Infosys and IBM have a good E-Learning facility available where the employees can select the modules as per their need and requirement and complete the course sitting on his desk. This not only prevents the cost associated with such training but also reduces the work load at the Human Resource department of arranging for training of these employees. Some of the companies that provide E-Learning are Safari online books, Books 24X7, Skill-soft Corporation, Educause, Centra Softwate Inc. etc. Though Wikipedia and other online encyclopaedia also provide a good source of learning but it is often difficult to find a particular requirement on these websites. It is observed that the quality of education in most of the developing nations do not match the requirement of the companies and thought the employee is educated but lack the skills required for job and for this it is essential that HR of the company provide trainings for these employees. Almost 70% of the fortune 1000 companies lack properly trained employees to execute the task and sustain the require growth rate. Most of the employees in companies are encouraged for distant education based on computer (Horton, 2001). These courses not only help organizations to build a talent pool in the organization but also fulfil the requirement and demand of the company for required talent. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), India, is an open university that facilitate the distant learning in India incorporate in 1985 has keeping a close watch on the development of talent pool in India to satisfy the requirement of the nation to sustain the growth rate. They have also adopted the online training modules so as to reach more and more people in the country. According to Dr. Ashok Kumar Gaba, Senior Research Officer Staff Training and Research Institute of Distance Education at Indira Gandhi National Open University, the online training has reduced the cost to one-fifth and over a period to time it is expected to be the main source of learning. It is the responsibility of human resource department of the organization to identify the requirement of the company and accordingly select a proper course, promote it and bring into practice the E-Learning culture in the organization. The constraint associated with E-Learning is computer and internet facility at company and one might require investing a good amount initially to build the required infrastructure for this. 3.0 Bonuses in Financial Service Sector when the banks are being bailed out: The issue related to bonuses are usually very emotional to employees. They expect the bonuses and plans accordingly and if these bonuses are cut or complete removed then this can be a serious cause of dissatisfaction among employees which can affect their productivity and the output delivers (Geroski et.al 1997). If these issues are not seriously handled then it might lead to a major problem in the organization. Hence, it is very important to first understand the importance of the issue before discussing the topic. The bonuses of any company depends upon the performance of the country vis-a-vis its performance last year, the performance of the sector, the growth in the economy and the future prospects of the economy and industry. During the economic crisis in 2008-09 the financial condition of many banks and giant organizations was so crushed that they have to plea the government to bail them from the financial distress (Sameuls, 2001). After the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers ma ny banks came to plea United States government for bailing them for example Bank of America, Merrill Lynch and American International Group (AIG). In Britain, Northern Rock, a mid-sized British Bank, and Bank of England required government aid to continue their daily task. When these banks and financial institutions are being bailed out it means that the available liquidity in the market is very less and hence it will be very difficult for the companies to raise fund. In this situation the pressure on specially the financial service providers increases and they have to be very careful in investing the available cash. It is logical for these companies to either cut or completely remove the bonuses for that particular year so as not only to preserve the liquidity but also to avoid any firing of the employees. At this time it is very important for them to maintain the balance between the market condition and their financial condition. J.P. Morgan Chase, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Wash ington Mutual, Wachovia and other financial service providers if they would have thought of bonuses at that time then they would have been shut down and any more damage after Lehman Brothers would have proved last nail in the coffin to already shattered economy and we would have been still struggling to recover from the crisis (Bewley, 1999). As a matter of fact, US president Mr. Barack Obama said that asking for bonuses at the time of crisis is a shameful act and he urged the citizen of United States of America to show some sense of responsibility after Wall Street firms distributed a bonus of $18.4 billion (Howell, 2007). Also at time a hefty bonus payment culture might lead to loss in liquidity of the firm and might result in potential threat to the company and banks to face a financial crisis. The company should avoid paying hefty bonuses in order to save some tax (Sameuls, 2001). In May 2009, Financial Services Authority (FSA) declared certain rules regarding this and took v arious measures in order to reduce this practice. According to them bonuses was the reason for banking crisis. Probably Deutsche Bank already understood this and the bank chief did not accept the bonuses in 2008 so as to minimize the effect of crisis. This was the personal sign of solidarity by Josef Ackermann, the chief executive of Deutsche Bank, toward the employees. This move not only helped the bank to fight the crisis but also encouraged the employees to take the move of not distributing bonuses in a right spirit and contribute to the organization at the time of difficulty. Later John Mack, chief executive of Morgan Stanley, and James Cayne, the former chief executive of Bear Stearns, also went ahead declining the bonuses. From the above study it can be concluded that in state of financial crisis where even banks are been bailed out it is more important for the companies especially financial services to prevent any firing of employees for which if they have to sacrifice the bonuses then they should go ahead with this. Employees should also understand this and they should consider long term gains rather than short term profits. It is the duty of organization to be transparent in its dealing and should reward the loyal employees when the favourable time comes. Also, it is important for the leaders in the organization to set an example for the employees so that employees believe that the organization is with them and they do not feel cheated. This is a very sensitive issue especially during crisis and should be dealt carefully and with high importance. 4.0 Relevance of trade unions: The nature of business has changed drastically over past few decades with the advent of technology most of the work is done by machines and human intervention has reduced in most of the cases (Fernie, 2005). The work environment and conditions has improved resulting in lesser disputes (Somers, 1976). Technology has enabled the management and employee to communicate effectively. In this era of technology the question is whether the trade union culture is still relevant in present scenario? The trade union acts a channel to help the workers communicate their issues and concerns to the management. They also provide support and help to these workers in times of difficulty and ensure that the work environment is healthy and safe. They also help management to communicate major announcements to these workers and help them understand their point of view (Wrigley, 2002). In case of any dispute it becomes easier for management to talk to the representatives of workers in the form of trade unions rather than talking with each and every individual. The union also help in uniting the workers who are usually from different background. There are many unions who are still very active and fight for the cause of the worker and help them educate about their rights. One example is REACH which focuses upon educating workers about the hazards caused by chemicals and their rights in case of such hazards. In India Bhartiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) is the largest report trade union which was founded in 1955 and with such a reach and power the organization has been working in making the life of workers better. They have carried out various education programs like spreading awareness among labours about their rights, proper safety practices, health education, women empowerment, minimum base wage and movement against child labour. Other major trade union in India are Madras Labour Union, Textile Labour Association, National Trade Union Federation, Hind Mazdoor Panchayat and All India T rade Union Congress (R Jha, 2000). Still in nations like India the trade unions are active and have not lost its relevance. However often the leaders in the unions take advantage of their position and put unjustified demands in front of management and threat them by announcing strikes, lock downs etc. This has reduced the relevance of trade unions. Also, in most of the organization has adopted performance based incentive schemes that encourage the employees to perform better in order to get better compensation this has also reduced the issues related to pay as the person enters in to an agreement to accept the compensation scheme of the organization. Another major issues that employees face today are the work-life balance issues for which the human resource department of the company actively take steps in most of the organization and moreover trade unions have failed to tackle this issue thus the need of the trade unions are reduced (Aswathappa, 2005). The trade unions also faile d to address the issues of cross national employee and women empowerment. The trade unions have lost on major three grounds (Trant, 2010).). First, they have been neglecting the poor and thus lost the moral ground as their major concern is maximizing the interest of few people and groups. They also lost on the political front due to shrinkage in the membership of the union and also due to the formation of many parties and unions. The third ground is the loss of intellectual high as their strategies are outdated and for most of their solutions they go on strike irrespective of the severity of problem. A trade union if lead by a intelligent and well educated person having a proper understanding of situation of employees and who is directed to work for people can prove to a problem solver else a problem creator and as the latter is often found the trade union seems to loss its relevance in todays scenario (Horton, 2001). Though the technology has solved many problems of the emplo yer and employees but still in developing nations like India where technology is a constraint and workers still fight for basic rights, trade unions acts as a tool to voice their concerns and hence still in these nations they hold a relevance.

Platos The Apology - 659 Words

Platos The Apology is an account of the speech Socrates makes at the trial where he is charged for various reasons; not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, inventing new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates did not win over the jury pleading his case, and was therefore sentenced to execution. It can be said that Plato’s Apology of Sokrates, although an unsuccessful attempt at defending Socrates on the charges of corruption the youth of Athens, is a successful defense of the philosophical statement, ‘the unexamined life isn’t worth living for a human being.’ ‘The unexamined life isn’t worth living for a human being’ can be analyzed to mean that human beings are wise creatures and therefore must have analytical or observatory thoughts or are not living to the moral expectation of humans, but rather as dumb animals. It can be observed that Sokrates encourages others to think analytically and independently, a skill used to project and not corrupt the Athenian youth. In The Apology, Sokrates first addresses himself to the accusation that he inquires into things below the earth and in the sky (Plato, Apology, 19b). This is a perfect example of his analytical thinking, as he tries to think at a wider scale than the regular Athenians and try to bring physical interpretations to what regular Athenians thought were the actions of the gods. Sokrates then distances himself from the sophists; known for training their students to know the skill of makingShow MoreRelatedPlatos The Apology792 Words   |  3 PagesPlato’s The Apology is the speech that Socrates makes at the trial in which he is charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, creating new deities, and corrupting the youth of Athens. Even though the title of Socrates’ speech is The Apology, it is not an apology for his actions, but rather he attempts to defend himself and his conduct. The apology has made me r eflect on whether a person should focus on improving himself or herself, or should they focus on improving other peopleRead MoreEssay on Platos Apology932 Words   |  4 PagesPlatos Apology At the elderly age of seventy, Socrates found himself fighting against an indictment of impiety. He was unsuccessful at trial in the year 399 B.C. The charges were corrupting the youth of Athens, not believing in the traditional gods in whom the city believed, and finally, that he believed in other new divinities. In Platos Apology, Socrates defends himself against these charges. He claims that the jurors opinions are biased because they had probably all seen AristophanesRead More Platos Apology Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesPlatos Apology Plato’s Apology is the story of the trial of Socrates, the charges brought against him and his maintaining of his own innocence throughout the process. At the onset of the trial, Socrates appears to challenging the charges, which included corrupting the youth, challenging belief in the gods that were accepted and reveled by the State, and introducing a new religious focus, but also belittles his own significance and suggesting that he will not attempt to disprove thatRead MorePlatos Apology And Crito1036 Words   |  5 PagesIn Plato’s â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Crito†, I believe Socrates’ philosophy of not doing harmful things on purpose, because of ignorance, or the act of doing it unwillingly, is false. First I will show you some contradictions introduced in the books of the Apology, and Crito and explain them. Next, I will explain how in the present day Socrates philosophy is false due to the vices of mankind, with evidence from the Apol ogy, then I will show you how Socrates might argue his point and a counter argument in presentRead MorePlatos The Republic and The Apology1714 Words   |  7 Pages In Plato’s The Republic and The Apology, the topic of justice is examined from multiple angles in an attempt to discover what justice is, as well as why living a just life is desirable. Plato, writing through Socrates, identifies in The Republic what he thought justice was through the creation of an ideal city and an ideal soul. Both the ideal city and the ideal soul have three components which, when all are acting harmoniously, create what Socrates considers to be justice. Before he outlines thisRead More Platos Apology Essay794 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Apology In the retelling of his trial by his associate, Plato, entitled â€Å"The Apology†; Socrates claims in his defense that he only wishes to do good for the polis. I believe that Socrates was innocent of the accusations that were made against him, but he possessed contempt for the court and displayed that in his conceitedness and these actions led to his death. In his defense, Socrates claims over and again that he is innocent and is not at all wise, â€Å"†¦for I know that I haveRead MorePlatos The Apology Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pageswas – such was the effect of them; and yet they have hardly spoken a word of truth.† – Plato â€Å"The Apology† In â€Å"The Apology,† Socrates represents himself in his own trial. He boldly questions the morality of the people of court. In this report, I will be analyzing portions of â€Å"The Apology† in order to reveal the intellectuality of this text within this time frame. I will only discuss bits of â€Å"The Apologyâ€Å" on account that it is a lengthy piece. However, before discussing the speech it is important toRead MorePlatos The Apology : The Meaning Of Life759 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s â€Å"The Apology† takes places in Athens in 399 BC. Socrates, a natural philosopher, is put on trial and accused of failing to recognize the god of Athens, creating new deities, and corrupting the minds of the city youth. The Athenians, Anytus, Meletus, and Lycon fear that Socrates’ teachings lack respect for the legal customs and religious beliefs established in the city and could create a damaging effect on Athens’ community (Dan I.(n.d.). In this piece, Plato writes an account of Socrates’Read MorePlatos Apology And Crito Analysis1873 Words   |  8 PagesTensions between moral philosopher and the faithful citizen of the polis are highlighted in Plato’s Apology and Crito. In the Apology, Socrates is faced with a death sentence at the hands of the state, but ironically is unapologetic in his discourse while defending himself. The Crito, however, displays Socrates in a dialogue where he chooses to engage and characterize the laws as a means of arguing for his faithfulness to the decision of the polis. Indeed, he uses the laws as a rhetorical deviceRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Tragedy Of Platos Apology1068 Words   |  5 Pagesdisplayed the proper elements of adversity within the â€Å"Apology† and detailed the unfairness the democratic society of Athens presents by punishing an opposing, equally justified force. Socrates preforms his defence arrogantly and sarcastically in the courtroom of Athens, hum ouring his own trial where he faced a grave fate. Socrates would not accept a verdict of guilty, therefore would not accept any other punishment than freedom. Platos Apology depicts the dramatically tragic death of philosopher

Budgets and financial management in higher - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Budgets and financial management in higher. Answer: Preparing budget for Ned Kellys Newsagents for the period 1st January, 2014 until 30th June, 2014: Particulars Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Total Sales 24,675 26,250 28,875 27,300 29,610 30,765 167,475 Cost of sales Fairfax News 3,344 3,553 3,658 3,344 3,762 3,971 21,632 Newscorp 3,502 3,708 3,811 3,605 3,708 3,811 22,145 Stationary w/Sale 2,400 2,200 2,000 2,100 2,200 2,450 13,350 Cadbury 764 784 833 813 853 902 4,949 Expenses Depreciation 400 400 400 400 400 400 2,400 Rent 1,935 1,935 1,935 1,935 1,935 1,935 11,610 Light Power 715 715 715 715 715 715 4,290 Petrol 120 120 120 120 120 120 720 Phone 340 340 340 340 340 340 2,040 Salaries 7,175 7,175 7,175 7,175 7,175 7,175 43,050 Depicting what could be conducted to reduce rent cost: The decline in rent can only be conducted by the company, where extension of the lease agreement could be conducted. This would eventually allow the company to negotiate and reduce rent, while declining the expenses (Bailey, 2018). Reflecting the budget with reduced rent: Particulars Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Total Sales 24,675 26,250 28,875 27,300 29,610 30,765 167,475 Cost of sales Fairfax News 3,344 3,553 3,658 3,344 3,762 3,971 21,632 Newscorp 3,502 3,708 3,811 3,605 3,708 3,811 22,145 Stationary w/Sale 2,400 2,200 2,000 2,100 2,200 2,450 13,350 Cadbury 764 784 833 813 853 902 4,949 Expenses Depreciation 400 400 400 400 400 400 2,400 Rent 1,890 1,890 1,890 1,890 1,890 1,890 11,340 Light Power 715 715 715 715 715 715 4,290 Petrol 120 120 120 120 120 120 720 Phone 340 340 340 340 340 340 2,040 Salaries 7,175 7,175 7,175 7,175 7,175 7,175 43,050 Responding to the question regarding small amount of petrol budget: The small portion of petrol budget is conducted due to the low usage and need of fuel within the production function. In addition, maximum of the production needs is fulfilled with the lightening and power, which is relatively accommodated in the budget. This is the main reason behind the increment in value of electricity and constant value of petrol in budget (Barr McClellan, 2018). Depicting the reason for the deviance: The main reason behind the deviance for cost is the rising raw material price and other variable cost needed to complete the production function. Depicting the reason behind measures to address the deviance: Contacting other suppliers might help in getting competitive prices from the market, which in turn could help in reducing the overall cost of Cadbury. Reference and Bibliography: Bailey, D. (2018).The NHS Budget Holder's Survival Guide. CRC Press. Barr, M. J., McClellan, G. S. (2018).Budgets and financial management in higher education. John Wiley Sons. Finkler, S. A., Smith, D. L., Calabrese, T. D., Purtell, R. M. (2016).Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations. CQ Press. Klychova, G. S., Faskhutdinova, ?. S., Sadrieva, E. R. (2014). Budget efficiency for cost control purposes in management accounting system.Mediterranean journal of social sciences,5(24), 79. Lopez-Valeiras, E., Gomez-Conde, J., Naranjo-Gil, D. (2015). Sustainable innovation, management accounting and control systems, and international performance.Sustainability,7(3), 3479-3492. Stevenson, W. J., Sum, C. C. (2015).Operations management. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Vegetarian Persuasive Essay free essay sample

Has this ever happened to you? I bet if you are a vegetarian that has happened to you, at least once. Finding a restaurant that has a menu that fits my diet is like finding a four-leafed clover in a large field, they’re rare but they are out there. Most fast food restaurants don’t have healthy vegetarian meals. Fast food places should know that 20% of Americans are vegetarians. Vegetarian choices are healthier but the popular fast food restaurants (McDonalds, Burger King, etc. ) which are everywhere turn their heads to this powerful statistic, leaving nowhere for vegetarians to turn. There should be more vegetarian choices in the more common restaurants. Those popular places are everywhere. But where does that leave healthy vegetarian restaurants? Nowhere well maybe in the far corner where nobody sees. Plus, the most popular fast food restaurant, McDonalds, has mainly meat products and hardly any foods made with lettuce. We will write a custom essay sample on Vegetarian Persuasive Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The very few restaurants that do have vegetarian choices are not as popular and are located in the places that no one sees, and if no one sees them, then nobody will go there. And we all know what happens to places when they don’t get enough money to pay the employees? The restaurant goes out of business. So guess what replaces that past vegetarian restaurant? A restaurant with only meat meals. And the cycle continues. If restaurants have more vegetarian meals they would be providing more healthy meals. If the restaurant is popular then people will try the new, healthy meals which are better than getting a fatty burger. Meat products are normally grilled or fried. When you grill or fry a piece of meat it gets greasy and raises the sodium, and calories. So if people choose a salad instead of a piece of fried chicken you would save extra fat, calories, sodium, and other unhealthy nutrients. Although it would be better for fast food restaurants to have more vegetarian meals, there are also a few reasons that they don’t have these healthier choices. The main reason is that if people don’t eat the vegetarian meals, the vegetables will rot. This can be costly and nobody wants a rotten salad. Although there are reasons to not have vegetarian meals, I believe that the health benefits far outweigh any other reason to substitute its counterpart. One last reason that people should get more vegetarian meals is because real people are vegetarians. I know it’s crazy, but 22. 8 million people, just in America, are vegetarian. That means 22. 8 million people struggle to find a fast food restaurant that conforms around their diet. Some vegetarians are vegetarian because it is a part of a religion or because their stomach can’t handle greasy foods and they get sick they don’t always choose to be a vegetarian. In conclusion, I believe that fast food restaurants should have more vegetarian options. Even though it is costly for fresh vegetables, there is a greater reason to have more vegetarian mealsyour health. I hope in the near future this is how the conversation at a drive through would be like, â€Å"Hello, would you like to try our new leafy green salad today? † â€Å"Sure,† And then vegetarians would be able to have fast food with the rest of their family.

Evaluación y Calidad en la Educación

Evaluacià ³n y Calidad en la Educacià ³n Free Online Research Papers La evaluacià ³n como indicador de la calidad del sistema educativo La educacià ³n ha sufrido, a travà ©s de la historia, varios cambios en su enfoque y concepcià ³n. El Estado como proveedor de educacià ³n a la poblacià ³n ha cambiado de una orientacià ³n de cobertura a una de calidad, lo que permite de manera casi automtica introducir el tà ©rmino de evaluacià ³n como la medida predilecta para el control de calidad. Surgen, sin embargo, con este cambio, varios matices alrededor de la evaluacià ³n que deben ser considerados a la hora de utilizar sus resultados como indicador de quà © tan bien se encuentra el sistema educativo. El siguiente escrito tiene como propà ³sito analizar hasta quà © punto los resultados de las distintas evaluaciones implementadas como medidor de calidad son verà ­dicos y reflejan el estado real de las instituciones educativas a nivel nacional. Para tal fin, se utilizarn los textos y las discusiones que se enmarcan en el curso de Problemas Contemporneos en la Educacià ³n. Segà ºn Alberto Martà ­nez Boom, 2004, el cambio en el enfoque de la educacià ³n (de cobertura a calidad) se acompaà ±a de diversas modificaciones en el entorno escolar. En el nuevo momento, el que concierne la calidad, la educacià ³n pasa a ser interà ©s primordial de los sectores polà ­tico, econà ³mico y civil. Se crea entonces la llamada comunidad educativa, que tiene como propà ³sito incluir diversos puntos de vista en el mbito educacional, para que los estudiantes tengan una visià ³n ms amplia del mundo en el que se desarrollan, y se desarrollarn en un futuro. Sin embargo, y aunque en teorà ­a la comunidad educativa es un buen mecanismo para los objetivos que persigue, à ©sta no se evidencia en la prctica. El primer punto problemtico, es que las instituciones no se toman en serio las exigencias del Ministerio de Educacià ³n de la conformacià ³n de dicha comunidad (recordemos la experiencia de Andrà ©s Mejà ­a, donde relata que a falta de miembros que conformen l a vocerà ­a de la comunidad, decidieron incluir a une vendedora ambulante). Los mismos padres de familia se muestran en reiteradas ocasiones reticentes a una participacià ³n activa en la educacià ³n de sus hijos. Numerosos factores como los enunciados anteriormente, hacen que la conformacià ³n de una comunidad educativa ms all del papel se torne dificultosa. Un segundo punto problemtico, y quiz en que ms nos concierne para el tema de disertacià ³n es el que se refiere a la evaluacià ³n. Los objetivos de la comunidad educativa deben hacerse presentes no sà ³lo a la hora de la conformacià ³n de la misma, es decir, los ideales de una educacià ³n holà ­stica deben estar presentes tanto en las dinmicas de cada una de las clases dictadas en las institucià ³n, como en su currà ­culo y por sobre todo en su sistema de control de calidad (evaluacià ³n). Es asà ­ como resulta imperativo incluir dentro de la evaluacià ³n no sà ³lo mbitos acadà ©micos formales como se ha venido haciendo hasta ahora, sino reas alternas que le puedan proporcionar al estudiante la opcià ³n de escoger y generar un bagaje en torno a diferentes disciplinas. Un ejemplo puntual de lo anterior, se refiere a las pruebas de estado ICFES, donde es poca o nula la inclusià ³n de reas fundamentales en aspectos tanto profesionales como sociales y cotidianos, como lo e s la expresià ³n oral, capacidad de proposicià ³n y expresià ³n escrita. El ICFES presenta de manera simultnea otros puntos que resultan conflictivos. Entre los discutidos en clase, tambià ©n se encuentra la larga duracià ³n de las pruebas (antes dos dà ­as, actualmente una jornada completa). Las consecuencias de jornadas largas de evaluacià ³n son indudablemente negativas para el resultado de los estudiantes. La fatiga fà ­sica y mental al final afectan las respuestas de los alumnos a las preguntas enunciadas. Bajo condiciones de cansancio, es obvio que un alumno no puede dar lo mejor de sà ­, y en este orden de ideas, una institucià ³n (de educacià ³n superior por ejemplo) que se rija à ºnicamente por los resultados de la prueba de estado como filtro de entrada no est considerando el potencial del estudiante en su totalidad, sino una fraccià ³n del mismo. Un tercer aspecto ambiguo es el modo de respuesta de las pruebas del estado. Al ser opcià ³n mà ºltiple, la capacidad de redaccià ³n y expresià ³n escrita del estudiante es relegada a un segundo plano. Adems, las posibilidades de que un estudiante que no conozca la respuesta acierte en la misma son altas. Es posible acotar entonces el tà ©rmino de injusticia en el resultado final. Un estudiante competente y uno mediocre podrà ­an obtener la misma nota, o por lo menos uno parecido.  ¿Es entonces producto del azar, cuando una institucià ³n exige un buen resultado en estas pruebas acepta o rechaza a un estudiante basado en su nota obtenida?  ¿Cà ³mo hacer para discernir entre los primeros y los segundos? La lectura referente a los high stakes tests descalifica este tipo de evaluaciones en las que se juegan aspectos fundamentales de la vida de los estudiantes. Empero, y como se discutià ³ en clase, las evaluaciones que implican mayores impactos para la vida de los estudiantes resultan ser, aunque agotadoras en algunos casos, mucho ms motivacionales para los mismos alumnos. Surge entonces un modelo alterno a las pruebas del estado, que es el International Baccalaureate, o IB. Desde un punto de vista personal, el IB entra en el campo de los high stakes tests, pero con algunos matices. No solamente hace inclusià ³n de aspectos fundamentales ya mencionados como las capacidades de sà ­ntesis, expresià ³n oral y escrita y proposicià ³n, sino que se enfoca hacia una educacià ³n holà ­stica en todo el sentido de la palabra. IB se empeà ±a en graduar a alumnos con alta responsabilidad social, con un sentido de responsabilidad elevado, conocedor de reas poco usuales en el mbito nacional (como lo son la antropologà ­a, o estudios de tecnologà ­a) y al mismo tiempo competente en reas acadà ©micas convencionales. El sistema de evaluacià ³n no es cortante o definido en el tiempo, sino regido por un proceso incremental que se va evaluando a medida que va pasando el tiempo, permitiendo que el resultado final refleje aspectos importantes para todo mbito como lo es por ejemplo la capacidad y velocidad de aprendizaje de un individuo, su calidad como ser humano, y sus repuestas ante dilemas de diversa à ­ndole. No obstante, existen tambià ©n aspectos negativos en torno al IB. Como bien fue discutido, surgen puntos de debate como lo es la competencia generada al interior de una institucià ³n con este sistema de evaluacià ³n. Es cierto que las condiciones de competencia se pueden tornar difà ­ciles, sobre todo cuando las instituciones compiten para lograr ciertos objetivos. Sin embargo, esta competencia, que no debe ser llevada al extremo, educa a los estudiantes a desenvolverse en un mundo que cada vez se torna ms exigente. En segundo lugar se pone en juego la autonomà ­a de las escuelas y colegios, ya que es el sistema evaluativo el que define su comportamiento. Ante esto, es plausible afirmar que desde que exista un sistema de evaluacià ³n que se dedique a escoger quà © es bueno y quà © es malo, y a realizar clasificaciones de calidad, ese mismo efecto secundario existir. A manera de conclusià ³n se puede decir que las pruebas de estado como son aplicadas actualmente fallan a la hora de proporcionar una apreciacià ³n cercana de las aptitudes del estudiante. Es deficiente al evaluar aspectos mucho ms importantes que la academia formal, como por ejemplo la capacidad de sà ­ntesis, expresià ³n oral y escrita y calidad humana y à ©tica del individuo. Aunque fuertemente criticado por el autor del texto referente a los high stakes tests, creo que sistemas como el IB que entran dentro de ese conjunto son ideales a la hora de realizar una evaluacià ³n ya que miden no sà ³lo reas como las matemticas o la fà ­sica, sino que se enfoca en un perfil de estudiante y lo forma de manera holà ­stica. Research Papers on Evaluacià ³n y Calidad en la Educacià ³nUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfQuebec and CanadaRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Project Managment Office SystemPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Social technology review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social technology review - Essay Example On top of all these, vine offers the capabilities with other social apps like finding friends, following, trending posts, hash tags and interacting with close people. Another Vine’s unique feature is the capability of saving a post for later editing which is unavailable in most of the related apps in the market. This app has channels, widget for faster capturing and new tools for capturing. Just as the tweeter has retweet functionality, the vine has refined that enhances one’s followers see the video rewind. A widget that can take the user straight to video shooting without the home screen of the app with ghost, grid, and focused capturing tools that enhances video quality. The main difference in instagram and vine’s video sharing capability is that vine has a faster capture widget and an automatic looping of videos. Vines best gives the possibility of arranging the videos according to events and their relation unlike in instagram. Vine used when travelling for c apturing moments and sharing with friends who gives a good feeling to those who are not around you but can see what is happening around you. Use of sessions in vine is a capability that is unavailable in other apps, one can save sessions and open existing ones, and this allows for interaction of up to ten posts at a go. One can leave posts and edit later with just a single tap on a button. Another feature is the Time Travel that allows for removal, reorganizing and replacing any part of a video either shooting or previewing. Mainly the app meant to enhance people to seizure life in wave and share to the world. With the increased competition for the social apps, vine upgrades are matching the user’s needs. For instance, vine app features are being upped day in day out with the capability of front camera and an upload manager for posts in the session for submission. This app can much help in business, for instance, sharing of information on spot from learning institutions or ex hibitions by publishers or even students. This service can be enhancing due to the capability of instant notifications. Though there has been an increased response to the failure of some functionalities while others were not available, the apps updated versions are giving the clients what they need and at the right time. Although Vine users reported several malfunctions and errors when shooting of sharing posts, there has been increased support and upgrades, which reduce those bugs and enhance functionality. The compatibility issue for lower versions of android mobile devices is the biggest challenge with the app. Many users at first had complains about the big caching of the app as it consumed almost 2 GB of memory within a short time. Later, developers checked on the issue and moderated which brought the app to normal memory consumption with efficient functionalities. Its competitor for android, instagram is compatible with some lower versions that affect the competitiveness of vi ne for android. When considering several options, vine and instagram are more alike but their use can differ. The video length allowed by vine is six seconds that is nine seconds less than instagram and this can be a nice feature for commercials for new products for instance. With the six seconds, one can flash the products to users and leave them wanting more about it. In addition, the live interaction

A proposed study on facility planning and design in manufacturing Assignment

A proposed study on facility planning and design in manufacturing process - Assignment Example Three types exist in manufacturing system, which includes process layout, product layout and group layout and they are further classified into flow line, cell and centre (Khusna, Siti, Jamasri, and Hideki 1). A techniques recommended in planning analysis of a facility is simulation techniques, which helps the designer in identifying the assembly system storage in this stochastic situation. It is developed as an analysis tool reconfiguration of line to handle the future demand fluctuation. Simulation tools in planning include Flexsim software, QUEST (17), Arena (9), Witness (21), ProModel (25) and IGRIP (17). The tools used for optimizing layout design include Simulated Annealing (SA), Tabu Search (TS), and Genetic Algorithms (GA) (Khusna et el. 3). Different studies have been carried out by different authors to explain the application of those tools. Different investigation have been carried out to identify the appropriate tools for planning and manufacturing process though they have been faced with limitation such as time. The studies done found out that the facility design analysis such as material handling system and layout are crucial in manufacturing industries (Khusna et el. 3). Khusna Dwijayanti, Siti Zawiah Md Dawal, Jamasri, and Hideki Aoyama. A Proposed Study on Facility Planning and Design in Manufacturing Process. Viewed on May 2010, from

Planning Definition Essay Example for Free

Planning Definition Essay Planning means looking ahead and chalking out future courses of action to be followed. It is a preparatory step. It is a systematic activity which determines when, how and who is going to perform a specific job. Planning is a detailed programme regarding future courses of action. It is rightly said â€Å"Well plan is half done†. Therefore planning takes into consideration available prospective human and physical resources of the organization so as to get effective co-ordination, contribution perfect adjustment. It is the basic management function which includes formulation of one or more detailed plans to achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with the available resources.According to Urwick, â€Å"Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in orderly way, to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses†. Planning is deciding best alternative among others to perform different managerial functions in order to achieve predetermined goals.| According to Koontz O’Donell, â€Å"Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap between where we are to, where we want to go. It makes possible things to occur which would not otherwise occur†. Steps in Planning Function Establishment of objectives Establishment of Planning Premises Choice of alternative course of action Formulation of derivative plans Securing Co-operation Follow up/Appraisal of plans Planning Importance in Management Planning may be broadly defined as a concept of executive action that embodies the skill of anticipating, influencing, and controlling the nature and direction of change. McFarland Importance of Planning Planning increases the organizations ability to adapt to future eventualities Planning helps crystallize objectives Planning ensures a relatedness among decisions Planning helps the company to remain more competitive in its industry Adequate planning reduces unnecessary pressures of immediacy Planning reduces mistakes and oversights: Planning ensures a more productive use of the organizations resources Planning makes control easier Planning enables the identification of future problems and makes it possible to provide for such contingencies Planning enables the identification of future problems and makes it possible to provide for such contingencies Planning increases the effectiveness of a manager 2.Evolution of Classical Approach to Management Traditional process of learning is either through obsevation and experiment. Nature or environment is considered uniform and when we observe certain phenomenon or events uniformly leading to the same result or results, we conclude a cause and effect relationship between the two. This is learning by observation or in other words by experience. Earlier thinkers on management followed this approach in developing theories of management. Learning principally is through emphirical process and through analysis of the data collected through observation. Draw the principles of managment by looking at and anyalysing the jobs that all managers commonly do. This approach served as a starting point for pioneers on management science to verify the validity and improve the applicability of the principles and practices of management. Analysis of observd data is what constitute a case study. The observational method of case study helps arriving at logical conclusions about past experience and to test the same as standards for future events. The German sociolists, Max Weber followed the classical approach and developed his theory of Bureaucracy, which portrays the structure anddesign of organisation charqacterised by a hierarchy of authority, formalised rules and regulations that serve to guide the coordinated functioning of an organization. Basic Postulates of the Classical Approach by Max Weber 1. Management of an organization is considered as a chain of inter-related functions. The study of the scope and features of these functions, the sequence through which these are performed and their inter-relationship leads one to draw principles of management suitable for universal application 2. Learning principles of management is done through the past experiences of actual practicing managers 3. As business environment consists of uniform cycles exhibiting an underlying unity of realities, functions and principles of management derived through process of empirical reasoning are suitable for universal application 4. Emerging new managers through formal education and case study can develop skill and competency in management concepts and practices 5. The clasasical approach also recognised the importance of economic efficiency and formal organizational structure as guiding pillars of management effectigveness. 6. Business activity is based on economic benefit. Organizations should t herefore control economic incentives Neoclassical theory of management There are 3 neoclassical theories: Human Relations theory : Explains the modern advancement of Human Relations Management theory which takes into account human factors like the employer-employee relationship. Human relations theory is largely seen to have been born as a result of the Hawthorne experiments which Elton Mayo conducted at the Western Electrical Company. The important strand in the development of modern management was the increase in attention to the human factors, which has become known as the human relations school of management.’ The core aspect of Human Relations Theory is that, when workers were being observed and included in the research, they felt more important and valued by the company. As a result, their productivity levels went up significantly. This represented a significant departure from many of the classical theories, particularly Fordism, as it went against the notion that management needed to control workers, and remove their autonomy at every step. Instead, it showed that by engaging with workers and considering their requirements and needs, company’s could benefit from increased productivity. Behavioral theory : The behavioral management theory is often called the human relations movement because it addresses the human dimension of work. Behavioral theorists believed that a better understanding of human behavior at work, such as motivation, conflict, expectations, and group dynamics, improved productivity. The theorists who contributed to this school viewed employees as individuals, resources, and assets to be developed and worked with — not as machines, as in the past. Several individuals and experiments contributed to this theory. Social systems theory.: Developed by Niklas Luhmann is an option for the theoretical foundation of Human Resource Management (HRM). After clarifying the advantages of using a grand (social) theory as the basic theoretical perspective, the roots of this social systems theory the deterministic view of systems as machines, the open systems approach and non-linear systems theory are addressed. Based on the view of social systems as autopoietically closed systems, five major contributions to a theoretical foundation of HRM are identified: (1) the conceptualisation of organising and managing human resources as social processes, thus overcoming an individualistic angle; (2) the new importance of individuals as essential element in the systems environment; (3) the abstention form far reaching or highly unrealistic assumptions about the nature of human beings; (4) the interaction between various levels and units of analysis built into the theory which is essential for comprehensive and in-depth analyses of HR phen omena and (5) the openness for additional theories for which social systems theory provides the overall framework. Modern Management Theory Management is one or the other form has existed in every nook and corner of the world since the dawn of civilization. Modern Management has grown with the growth of social-economics and scientific institution. Modern view consists that a worker does not work for only money. They work for their satisfaction and happiness with good living style. Here Non- financial award is most important factor. Modern management theories started after 1950s. Modern management theory focuses the development of each factor of workers and organization. Modern management theory refers to emphasizing the use of systematic mathematical techniques in the system with analyzing and understanding the inter-relationship of management and workers in all aspect. It has following three Streams- Quantitative Approach System Approach Contingency Approach Quantitative Approach: Quantitative approach also called Operation Research. Quantitative approach is a scientific method. It emphasizes the use of statistical model and systematic mathematical techniques to solving complex management problems. Its helps the management to making decisions in operations. It can only suggest the alternatives based on statistical data. It cannot take final decision. It helps the management for improving their decision making by increasing the number of alternatives and giving faster decisions on any problem. Management can easily calculate the risk and benefit of various actions. Major contributors in Quantitative Approach are- Johan MacDonald George R. Terry Andrew Szilagyi System approach: System approach was developed inlate1960s. Herbert A. Simon is the father of system theory. A System is defined as a set of regularly interacting or inter dependent components that create as a whole unit. The system concept enables us to see the critical variables and constraints and their interactions with one another. According to Cleland and King; â€Å" A system is composed of related and dependent elements which when in interaction from a unity whole†. Characteristics of system approach: A system must have some specific components, units or sub units. A Change in one system affects the other subsystems. Every system is influenced by super system. All systems along their subsystem must have some common objectives. A system is a goal-oriented. A system cannot survive in isolation. Major contributors in system theories are- Daniel Katz, Robert L. Khan, Richard A. Johnson. Contingency Approach: Contingency Approach also knows as situational approach. In 1980s, it is recognized as a key to effective management. This approach accepts the dynamics and complexities of the organization structure. An organization is affected by its environment and environment is composed by physical resources, climate, persons, culture, economic and market conditions and their laws. This approach argues that there is no one universally applicable set of rules by which to manage organization. Major contributors in the contingency theories are- G.M. Stalker, Joan Woodward, Tom Burns, Paul R. Lawrence, L.W. Lorsch. Management by objectives (MBO) is a process of defining objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they need to do in the organization in order to achieve them. The term management by objectives was first popularized by Peter Drucker in his 1954 book The Practice of Management.[1] The essence of MBO is participative goal setting, choosing course of actions and decision making. An important part of the MBO is the measurement and the comparison of the employee’s actual performance with the standards set. Ideally, when employees themselves have been involved with the goal setting and choosing the course of action to be followed by them, they are more likely to fulfill their responsibilities. According to George S. Odiorne, the system of management by objectives can be described as a process whereby the superior and subordinate jointly identify its common goals, define each individuals major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected of him, and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. Features and advantages Some of the important features and advantages of MBO are: Motivation – Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment. This increases employee job satisfaction and commitment. Better communication and coordination – Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates helps to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve many problems. Clarity of goals Subordinates tend to have a higher commitment to objectives they set for themselves than those imposed on them by another person. Managers can ensure that objectives of the subordinates are linked to the organizations objectives. Domains and levels Objectives can be set in all domains of activities (production, marketing, services, sales, RD, human resources, finance, information systems etc.). Some objectives are collective, for a whole department or the whole company, others can be individualized. Practice Objectives need quantifying and monitoring. Reliable management information systems are needed to establish relevant objectives and monitor their reach ratio in an objective way. Pay incentives (bonuses) are often linked to results in reaching the objectives. Limitations There are several limitations to the assumptive base underlying the impact of managing by objectives,[citation needed] including: It over-emphasizes the setting of goals over the working of a plan as a driver of outcomes. It underemphasizes the importance of the environment or context in which the goals are set. That context includes everything from the availability and quality of resources, to relative buy-in by leadership and stake-holders. As an example of the influence of management buy-in as a contextual influencer, in a 1991 comprehensive review of thirty years of research on the impact of Management by Objectives, Robert Rodgers and John Hunter concluded that companies whose CEOs demonstrated high commitment to MBO showed, on average, a 56% gain in productivity. Companies with CEOs who showed low commitment only saw a 6% gain in productivity.[citation needed] Stage 1. Collectively fixing objectives The superior and subordinate managers collectively fix the objectives. The objectives are fixed for the Key Result Areas (KRAs). KRAs are those areas which are very important for the long-term success of the organisation. For e.g. R D, Production, Finance, Marketing, etc. Definite and measurable objectives should be fixed for each KRA. The time limit for achieving the objectives should also be fixed. The objectives should be achieved by the subordinate manager. For e.g. The objective for the marketing managers may be to increase the sales of product XYZ by 50% for the year 2010-2011. Stage 2. Collectively making a plan After fixing the objective, the superior and subordinate managers make an action plan. This plan will be used by the subordinate manager to achieve the objective. Stage 3. Subordinates implements the plan The subordinate manager implements the plan. That is, he puts the plan to action. He makes optimum use of the resources. If required, he takes guidance from the superior managers. Stage 4. Collectively monitoring performance This is the final stage in the MBO process. Here, the subordinate monitors (evaluates or measures) his own performance. He compares his performance with the planned targets (objectives). If there are any deviations, then the superior and subordinates managers fix new objectives. In this stage, the superior acts like a coach and guide. He does not act like a judge.

Foundations of Political Thought Essay examples -- Philosophy, Aristot

Aristotle and Socrates and Plato’s beliefs have similarities mainly evident in their denouncement of democracy for the state. The views of Socrates expressed and written by his pupil Plato are vastly philosophical in nature and he promotes the idea of questioning life to achieve insight. The philosophers who possess the absolute truth are the best equipped to rule society according to Plato and his Allegory of the Cave. Conversely, Aristotle takes a more political science approach of discussing and analyzing various constitutions to determine the best form of government, where the rational beings in a society are the natural rulers. Aristotle promotes the idea of rule based on law rather than simple superiority. The differences in these beliefs are important because of the implications of Aristotle’s writings, which provide a way for citizens and statesmen to utilize philosophy in politics and the state. Consequently, information in Politics is seen again througho ut modern politics. The similarities of Aristotle’s beliefs expressed through his writings in Politics to the beliefs of Plato and Socrates expressed in the recorded dialogues of The Republic are centered mainly on a fear of democracy. Aristotle asserts that only those who are concerned with virtue and good government should be the leaders in a society or community (Politics, 80). In Book III of Politics Aristotle describes what the role of the majority should be in politics, By means of these considerations, too, one might solve the problem mentioned earlier and also the related one of what the free should have authority over, that is to say, the multitude of the citizens who are not rich and have no claim whatsoever arising from virtue. For it would not be... ...archy and democracy into polity. Through this idea of addressing factions and political interdependence Aristotle outlines the way to a lasting state. In Federalist 10, Madison describes in a similar way that competing factions imposing a system of checks and balances can protect against dominance of a single faction or class. Aristotle’s claims of law, constitution, polity, factions, and citizenship all have comparability to many U.S. notions of political life, even his justification of slavery is reminiscent of the views of some founding fathers. Aristotle discovered and outlined many elements of early American political thought long before the existence of the United States. Aristotle himself said, â€Å"For practically speaking, all things have been discovered, although some have not been collected, and others are known about but not used† (Politics, 34).

Papago Woman

Papago Woman, written by Ruth M. Underhill, is an ethnography of the life of a native american woman named Maria Chona, a member of the Southern Arizona Papago people located right outside of Tucson, Arizona on a reservation. Ruth lived among the Papago from 1931 till 1933. She studied the life of the Papago with her main subject an older Papago woman named Chona. She says at one point how she learned amongst these people and Chona, â€Å"I feel, nevertheless, that out of all this flurry there came the story as it had appeared in Chona's mind,† (27). By hearing the life of this Papago woman she learned about life as a Papago.To collect data about the Papago way of life and Chona, Ruth Underhill asked many questions. She was very forward with her questions at first because she had not yet known the Papago way of life, such as asking the name of Chona's dead son and not knowing that the name of the dead are not said out loud. Underhill integrated her life into that of the tribe. In the 3 years she stayed there she learned much through this method. She studied the language and Papago method of breathing by listening to the way they say their words and learned how they pronounce r's as l's and f's as p's.She also used translators along the way. Part one of the Papago woman describes Ruth Underhill's first encounter with the Papago people. Ruth goes to Tuscon, Arizona on a grant from Colombia University, the college she was attending, to live amongst this native american tribe in the southwest. Underhill drives to Arizona and meets a few friends living in Tuscon who tell her about the tribes people . They tell her how a few Papago come to their homes looking for work. They describe them as soft-spoken, brown people. Underhill inquired about any of the english speaking Papago she could meet.She is then introduced to a yardman, Rafeal, or Lapai in the language of his people. Lapai in turn takes her to meet a woman named Chona who lives on a reservation in an un furnished dwelling, similar to that of a cellar. Ruth listens with intent as Chona talks. Lapai translates the conversation for her. Throughout her stories, Ruth notices that Chona talks about how it used to be when she was a child. Ruth asks Chona about her family. She learns that Chona had two sons and a daughter but one son who was a medicine man died, the other is in Mexico, and the daughter got married and moved away.Ruth asks the name of Chona's dead soon and is met with an uncomfortable silence. Lapai tells Ruth that Chona had a sister who married a man named Lillat, whom she calls â€Å"husband-of-my-sister,† but died and Lillat was remarried with children (Underhill 5). They decided to go on a trip to visit Lillat and his family who lived far out on the reservation away from government headquarters. Soon they set out but not before the rest of the people living around Chona tried to all hitch a ride with Ruth to see Lillat. On the way, Ruth learned much about the lan d as the Papago know it.She learns about eating cholla during the dry season, or â€Å"hungry time,† (Underhill 8). Chona points to a white rock and tells Ruth about the kidnapping of the Papago woman by the Apache during the fall when the corn was ripe. Chona also mentions Coyote and I'itoi who are very important people in Papago stories of history. â€Å"Coyote,† she said, â€Å"helped put the world in order. Only he made mistakes,† (Underhill 9). She would not talk further about Coyote because, â€Å"These things about the Beginning are holy. They should not be told in the hot time when the snakes are out. The snakes guard our secrets.If we tell what is forbidden, they bite,† (Underhill 9). A few hours later they arrived at Lilliat's adobe home. In true Papago fashion, they waited to be welcomed. They all stood across from each other smiling. Lapai and Ruth were never introduced but instead were greeted with kind smiles of gratitude. She learned that t he Papago do not believe in sayings superficial things such as thank you but instead being welcomed through hospitality. With news of the guest arrival, the whole village came to eat at Lilliat's house. Before dinner began, the ways of child-rearing were viewed.The youngest son of Lilliat was told to â€Å"Shut the door,† and was not praised but instead allowed to sit on the men's side of the table. As dinner went on Ruth observed more and more of the Papago customs. Strangers were studied very carefully to see their true selves. Bedtime was early and the bed was on the ground. Early rising is custom of Papago because, â€Å"Papagos had learned how to deal with the sun and did not hate or fear it. Those who slept past the dawn light were set down as hopeless drones,† (Underhill 14). The day begin when men went to fill the water tanks.The water was shared and not thrown out with the guest being the first to use it. Women set to work with the meals for the day and basket -making. Later that day, a girl named Vela who could speak a little bit of english visited. She promised to help Ruth with translations. Ruth realized that her persistent questioning had been seen as ignorant and embarrassing to Chona. The women told Ruth about their job to bring the clouds to make rain. She soon discovered they would be taking a trip to gather cactus fruit to prepare wine for the rain festival.They rode to the sahuaro cactus to gather the pear-ish fruit. Ruth again learned about Coyote and I'itoi. â€Å"When I'itoi was furnishing the earth, he thought he would put sahuaro all over. Then everyone could have fruit without too much walking. But Coyote, he doesn't like work,† (Underhill 19). Coyote had not fully planted the seeds given to him by I'itoi to distribute the cacti and instead dropped them on the south hill. Then the cactus only grew on the south hill and not the north. The women gathered the cactus fruit and boiled it for the wine. Then it soon began to rain.Next, the people ventured to Lillat's parent village, Burnt Seeds, to gather for the rain festival. On their third night there the men dressed up for the dancing that would take place that night. They all gathered around a fire and danced and chanted in circles. The women picked the men they wanted and held hands to join in the dancing. They sang the same song continuously, â€Å"On the edge of the mountain, A cloud hangs. And there my heart, my heart, my heart, Hangs with it,† (Underhill 24). The next night when the wine had fermented the village gathered again to drink.This night was when they would drink until the wine was all gone which led to everyone getting drunk. The medicine man prophesied the rains would come after four days. A week from the night, the rains came and raged for a week. Once that ended the villagers once again gathered to sing and do work such a basket weaving. This chapter helps the ethnography by giving an example of Ruth's immersion into t he tribe by experiencing their traditions. In part two, Underhill begins by telling a little background on the Papago people and Chona. The origins of the Papago people are mentioned.They are closely related to the Pima people who live in lush lands near the border of Mexico. It is this reason that the Papago know them as the â€Å"River People† whilst the the Papago call themselves the â€Å"Desert People,† (Underhill 31). The Pima and the Papago were once one group split by the migration of the spanish missionaries. Since the desert had not attracted the church, the Pima, living in greater lands â€Å"adopted American names and American clothing, and by 1871 had an American school,† while the Papago people cherished their ancient way of life (Underhill 32).Ruth witnessed and documented the life of the Papago whilst studying the life of a 90 year old woman named Maria Chona, â€Å"She was the daughter of a prominent leader, Jose Maria, nicknamed Con Quien. â⠂¬  (Underhill 32). She loved her father and therefore â€Å"accepted her culture completely,† (Underhill 33). Ruth was able to write the biography with little fluency in the Papago language and with Chona knowing a small bit of Spanish. What Ruth noticed about the stories of the Papago was there repetitive nature. Small details that are not important to non-Papago natives are confusing.Things such as emotion were summed up in ways such as â€Å"I liked it,† or â€Å"I did not like it,† (Underhill 33). Chona wanted Ruth to write everything exactly as she told it but due to the emphasis on details and repetition, the non-native readers of the story would not be satisfied. Chona, we learn, â€Å"As a woman, she could not take part the ceremonial life,† but, â€Å"Chona accepted her status without stress or rancor,† (Underhill 34). She possessed an interesting background, one where she had two husbands. Her first husband was a shaman. Chona also had a co-wife, since polygamy was a norm amongst her people, whom she resented.She describes her home growing up. She lived at Mesquite Root in a grass house. Her father was the chief there. As a child the girls did not wear tops. Water was scarce and what was there was red in color, â€Å"Oh yes, our water was always red. It made the corn gruel red. I liked that earth taste in my food,† (Underhill 36). The men of the village would go to hunt without water because it was considered womanly to bring water along. Chona's mother would ground seeds to make flour while her father would listen to people problems. Her father also liked to gamble, gaining himself the nickname The Gambler.The men would smoke tobacco often during gambling. When it was time to eat, the dishes were not washed, â€Å"When we had finished we did not wash the dishes. How could we, with no water,† (Underhill 38). Due to water scarcity they were not able to bathe either. When the children would play the bo ys would catch rats and roast them for all to eat. They would also go to the racetrack to run. When they were hungry they would gather food planted by Elder Brother, â€Å"Elder Brother planted those things for us,† (Underhill 39). When it was time for rainy season, Chona would experience the same ritual that Ruth would years later picking the cactus fruit.During the time of menstruation, Chona's mother would enter into the Little House so as not to bring bad luck and death to her father during war. For the men if they were â€Å"Killers† then they would have to be purified (Underhill 41). This meant they were separated from their family for days. Everyone in the family would be cleansed and gain power from the dead enemy. In her family, Chona's grandfather had been a medicine man. Due to this association and her brother behavior it was known that he would be a medicine man. Chona's family was always sick.The medicine man would come to their house constantly to heal th em. He sang songs to cure what ailed them. Singing seemed to be a big part of Chona's life. It was natural to her family and soothing to her. People would dream of owls and then sing in front everyone so that the owls would go away, â€Å"People had to be sent for who had dreamed of owls, because that is how all songs come, by dreaming,† (Underhill 48). At one time an evil medicine man sent a a sickness that covered the whole village. So medicine men begin to walk into each hut waving branches to gather the sickness.Chona did not get as sick as everyone else did. She did begin to have visions. She saw things that no one else did but it was natural to her because of her family background. During summers the corn was planted. It was said that, â€Å"The corn was once a man and he lured a woman away to sleep with him,† (Underhill 52) They would sing about that encounter and plant the corn so that it would grow strong. Summers also made the people happy because it was when the rain would come. Ruth also gathered that from what she heard form Chona was that their was a story for every occurrence.So just like the corn, there was a story for the rain. The story was turned into singing that would help bring the rain along with the cactus festival. Like her father, Chona was hardworking, passionate, and a gambler. She was so good at gambling that she even beat a grown woman. As she got older she went through menses, â€Å"Girls are very dangerous at that time,† (Underhill 57). When girls go through menses they would bring lightning into the village and go to the Little House behind their families homes to prevent these occurrences that happen during menstruation.When her dangerous time came to an end after a month , she was bathed to prevent death to her family and her hair was washed with soapweed fibers, â€Å"That is the way women should always wash their hair and it will never grow gray,† (Underhill 59). During this period the girl would also grow very thin, â€Å"We girls are like strips of yucca fiber after our coming of age is over,† (Underhill 61). At cleansing she was named Cha-veela as is customary during this time. When it was time to marry, Chona did not know her husband. He was a medicine man's son.Her breast had grown large so it was her time marry. Her father told the boy's parents about the marriage and they agreed to it. The boy was told last about the marriage. Her father gave her advice on how to be a good wife, â€Å"That husband of yours, listen to him,† (Underhill 62). For the marriage they had to lie together in her hut with her mother beside her for four nights. This is how Papago are married and she moves in with him after. Her husband has three brothers but one is a man-woman, â€Å"The third brother was called Shining Evening and he was a man-woman,† (Underhill 64).After a while she became dangerous again and goes through menstruation. When she is integrated into the fami ly, the mother tattoos her chin with four black marks. At one point Chona goes with her husband to se a race against the River People. Her people won and received many items from the betting. Chona has her first child and becomes very superstitious as not to harm the child, â€Å"I was kind to the people in our village who looked sick or ugly, and I never laughed at them, so that my baby should have a good body,† (Underhill 66).Soon after, two of her husband's brothers marry. The wives always stayed with Shining Evening when the men were out, â€Å"We girls used to spend all day with that man-woman, Shining Evening,† (Underhill 67). Chona had six children with her husband, five of which were boys and one a girl. The boys all died. She would leave her babies at home sometimes to go help the Mexicans with their harvest. They were always on the lookout for Apaches, the enemy, and were almost killed. They vowed never to go to the Mexicans alone again. Her husband started h aving visions.He was a Coyote-Meeter, â€Å"When he had his medicine man's dreams, it was our comrade, Coyote, who came to him and sang him songs,† (Underhill 71). soon after her husband became a medicine man. After this occurrence her father died and the medicine men could not save him. They buried him with his blanket, pillows, and a few valuables. White men soon came and brought with them whisky. The men of the village would drink this and have visions like a medicine man would, â€Å"Men grew crazy when they drank that whiskey and they had visions,† (Underhill 74).For some time Chona would leave to visit other villages. One time when she was returning, she heard news that her husbands had married again. Chona was heartbroken and left him. She took her child and went to her brother. Her uncle who resided there married her to an old rich man despite her disagreement because women had no say in matters such as these. Her new husband brought her many things. She learne d that her first husband had grown sick and died upon hearing the news. He did not want his second wife and cried when he heard of Chona's marriage, â€Å"I never saw my first husband again.They told me when he heard of my new marriage he cried,† (Underhill 78). Soon after his death Chona caught falling hair sickness, a disease from the white people. A medicine man cured her and taught her how to cure. Chona has two sons from her second husband. One, a medicine man, died young because a wild woman was with him, â€Å"She lay with my son in the house when she should have been at the Little House,† (Underhill 85). Ruth learns that seven years prior to her arrival, Chona's second husband had died. After she was alone in her home she would go to visit her daughters home at Burnt Seeds village.This chapter helps the ethnography by having Ruth hear exactly what she came there to learn. It tells the life of an actual Papago women. Part three briefly talks about child-rearing amongst the Papago. Children are always surrounded, â€Å"The Papago child was born not into a single family but into a group,† (Underhill 89). The child is taught to be apart of the group and never seen as an annoyance. They learn action through observation. One of the most important was not to speak the name of the dead, â€Å"Because if the dead hear they may think you are calling them.And they will come and take you because they are so lonely,† (Underhill 90). Ruth also learns that a woman's place is not with the men. She had realized how separated things were between the sexes. The woman told her they do not fret because, â€Å"Why should we envy men? We made the men,† (Underhill 92). Another thing she noticed was the lack of love stories among the Papago. The woman told her that there were love songs and stories but not many. Woman would also become enamored with the men bringing back scalps and chase after them, â€Å"Some women went crazy and ran after men-but it was the ‘scalps,'† (93).The Papago in the present are also talked about. Ruth says, â€Å"By the time of my visit, the Bureau of Indian Affairs had moved in,† (94) and they were soon introduced to more modern ways. Men joined the army learning english and schools were built. The Papago today vote and have dictionaries in their own language. This chapter helps the ethnography by giving a short insight on the child-rearing, love amongst the Papago, and present day Papago. The most important issues of the ethnographer seemed to be retelling the story in a way that readers could understand.Ruth mentions this in the beginning of chapter two about the way the story was told in traditional indian style which is confusing to outsiders. The most important aspect of interpreting things like this seems to be that the observer must live amongst the people to fully understand their ways and interpret them for others. This is the same for the film â€Å" A Man Calle d Bee† and the Yanomamo text. The perspective of the ethnographer is that the Papago people are so different from the outside world; soft-spoken and tribal in their ways.This colored her analysis through her main focus on an older resident of the tribe who had grown up the Papago way. The ethnographers methods are convincing because she relays a story just like it was told to her and includes her experience amongst the people making the report all the more convincing. Ruth does not necessarily generalize her findings because she tells of the present Papago, interviews, and has older tribe member giving a story on that side of life, and includes the writer's own experience at the rain festival.This ethnography helped me to see how an older people lived. The Papago are ancient in their ways and I see that when I compare their way of life to my own. Ruth reinforced my assumptions about human behavior mostly when she described the ways men and women were separated and seen in diff erent lights, much like today. Works Cited Underhill, R. M. U. (1979). Papago Woman. (Reprint ed. , Vol. 1, p. 98). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.